Christian Classics
‹ Summa Theologica
Contents
Question. 1 - The Nature and Extent of Sacred Doctrine (Ten Articles)Article. 1 - Whether, besides philosophy, any further doctrine is required?Article. 2 - Whether sacred doctrine is a science?Article. 3 - Whether sacred doctrine is one science?Article. 4 - Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science?Article. 5 - Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences?Article. 6 - Whether this doctrine is the same as wisdom?Article. 7 - Whether God is the object of this science?Article. 8 - Whether sacred doctrine is a matter of argument?Article. 9 - Whether Holy Scripture should use metaphors?Article. 10 - Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses?Question. 2 - The Existence of God (Three Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the existence of God is self-evident?Article. 2 - Whether it can be demonstrated that God exists?Article. 3 - Whether God exists?Question. 3 - OF THE SIMPLICITY OF GOD (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is a body?Article. 2 - Whether God is composed of matter and form?Article. 3 - Whether God is the same as His essence or nature?Article. 4 - Whether essence and existence are the same in God?Article. 5 - Whether God is contained in a genus?Article. 6 - Whether in God there are any accidents?Article. 7 - Whether God is altogether simple?Article. 8 - Whether God enters into the composition of other things?Question. 4 - THE PERFECTION OF GOD (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is perfect?Article. 2 - Whether the perfections of all things are in God?Article. 3 - Whether any creature can be like God?Question. 5 - OF GOODNESS IN GENERAL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness differs really from being?Article. 2 - Whether goodness is prior in idea to being?Article. 3 - Whether every being is good?Article. 4 - Whether goodness has the aspect of a final cause?Article. 5 - Whether the essence of goodness consists in mode, species and order?Article. 6 - Whether goodness is rightly divided into the virtuous*, the useful and the pleasant? [*“Bonum honestum” is the virtuous good considered as fitting. (cf. SS, Q[141], A[3]; SS, Q[145])]Article. 1 - Whether God is good?Article. 2 - Whether God is the supreme good?Article. 3 - Whether to be essentially good belongs to God alone?Article. 4 - Whether all things are good by the divine goodness?Question. 7 - THE INFINITY OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is infinite?Article. 2 - Whether anything but God can be essentially infinite?Article. 3 - Whether an actually infinite magnitude can exist?Article. 4 - Whether an infinite multitude can exist?Question. 8 - THE EXISTENCE OF GOD IN THINGS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is in all things?Article. 2 - Whether God is everywhere?Article. 3 - Whether God is everywhere by essence, presence and power?Article. 4 - Whether to be everywhere belongs to God alone?Article. 1 - Whether God is altogether immutable?Article. 2 - Whether to be immutable belongs to God alone?Article. 1 - Whether this is a good definition of eternity, “The simultaneously-whole and perfect possession of interminable life”?Article. 2 - Whether God is eternal?Article. 3 - Whether to be eternal belongs to God alone?Article. 4 - Whether eternity differs from time?Article. 5 - The difference of aeviternity and timeArticle. 6 - Whether there is only one aeviternity?Article. 1 - Whether “one” adds anything to “being”?Article. 2 - Whether “one” and “many” are opposed to each other?Article. 3 - Whether God is one?Article. 4 - Whether God is supremely one?Question. 12 - HOW GOD IS KNOWN BY US (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any created intellect can see the essence of God?Article. 2 - Whether the essence of God is seen by the created intellect through an image?Article. 3 - Whether the essence of God can be seen with the bodily eye?Article. 4 - Whether any created intellect by its natural powers can see the Divine essence?Article. 5 - Whether the created intellect needs any created light in order to see the essence of God?Article. 6 - Whether of those who see the essence of God, one sees more perfectly than another?Article. 7 - Whether those who see the essence of God comprehend Him?Article. 8 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all in God?Article. 9 - Whether what is seen in God by those who see the Divine essence, is seen through any similitude?Article. 10 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all they see in it at the same time?Article. 11 - Whether anyone in this life can see the essence of God?Article. 12 - Whether God can be known in this life by natural reason?Article. 13 - Whether by grace a higher knowledge of God can be obtained than by natural reason?Question. 13 - THE NAMES OF GOD (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a name can be given to God?Article. 2 - Whether any name can be applied to God substantially?Article. 3 - Whether any name can be applied to God in its literal sense?Article. 4 - Whether names applied to God are synonymous?Article. 5 - Whether what is said of God and of creatures is univocally predicated of them?Article. 6 - Whether names predicated of God are predicated primarily of creatures?Article. 7 - Whether names which imply relation to creatures are predicated of God temporally?Article. 8 - Whether this name “God” is a name of the nature?Article. 9 - Whether this name “God” is communicable?Article. 10 - Whether this name “God” is applied to God univocally by nature, by participation, and according to opinion?Article. 11 - Whether this name, HE WHO IS, is the most proper name of God?Article. 12 - Whether affirmative propositions can be formed about God?Question. 14 - OF GOD’S KNOWLEDGE (SIXTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is knowledge [*Scientia]?Article. 2 - Whether God understands Himself?Article. 3 - Whether God comprehends Himself?Article. 4 - Whether the act of God’s intellect is His substance?Article. 5 - Whether God knows things other than Himself?Article. 6 - Whether God knows things other than Himself by proper knowledge?Article. 7 - Whether the knowledge of God is discursive?Article. 8 - Whether the knowledge of God is the cause of things?Article. 9 - Whether God has knowledge of things that are not?Article. 10 - Whether God knows evil things?Article. 11 - Whether God knows singular things?Article. 12 - Whether God can know infinite things?Article. 13 - Whether the knowledge of God is of future contingent things?Article. 14 - Whether God knows enunciable things?Article. 15 - Whether the knowledge of God is variable?Article. 16 - Whether God has a speculative knowledge of things?Article. 1 - Whether there are ideas?Article. 2 - Whether ideas are many?Article. 3 - Whether there are ideas of all things that God knows?Question. 16 - OF TRUTH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect composing and dividing?Article. 3 - Whether the true and being are convertible terms?Article. 4 - Whether good is logically prior to the true?Article. 5 - Whether God is truth?Article. 6 - Whether there is only one truth, according to which all things are true?Article. 7 - Whether created truth is eternal?Article. 8 - Whether truth is immutable?Article. 1 - Whether falsity exists in things?Article. 2 - Whether there is falsity in the senses?Article. 3 - Whether falsity is in the intellect?Article. 4 - Whether true and false are contraries?Article. 1 - Whether to live belongs to all natural things?Article. 2 - Whether life is an operation?Article. 3 - Whether life is properly attributed to God?Article. 4 - Whether all things are life in God?Question. 19 - THE WILL OF GOD (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is will in God?Article. 2 - Whether God wills things apart from Himself?Article. 3 - Whether whatever God wills He wills necessarily?Article. 4 - Whether the will of God is the cause of things?Article. 5 - Whether any cause can be assigned to the divine will?Article. 6 - Whether the will of God is always fulfilled?Article. 7 - Whether the will of God is changeable?Article. 8 - Whether the will of God imposes necessity on the things willed?Article. 9 - Whether God wills evils?Article. 10 - Whether God has free-will?Article. 11 - Whether the will of expression is to be distinguished in God?Article. 12 - Whether five expressions of will are rightly assigned to the divine will?Question. 20 - GOD'S LOVE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether love exists in God?Article. 2 - Whether God loves all things?Article. 3 - Whether God loves all things equally?Article. 4 - Whether God always loves more the better things?Article. 1 - Whether there is justice in God?Article. 2 - Whether the justice of God is truth?Article. 3 - Whether mercy can be attributed to God?Article. 4 - Whether in every work of God there are mercy and justice?Question. 22 - THE PROVIDENCE OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether providence can suitably be attributed to God?Article. 2 - Whether everything is subject to the providence of God?Article. 3 - Whether God has immediate providence over everything?Article. 4 - Whether providence imposes any necessity on things foreseen?Question. 23 - OF PREDESTINATION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are predestined by God?Article. 2 - Whether predestination places anything in the predestined?Article. 3 - Whether God reprobates any man?Article. 4 - Whether the predestined are chosen by God? [*“Eligantur.”]Article. 5 - Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination?Article. 6 - Whether predestination is certain?Article. 7 - Whether the number of the predestined is certain?Article. 8 - Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the saints?Article. 1 - Whether the book of life is the same as predestination?Article. 2 - Whether the book of life regards only the life of glory of the predestined?Article. 3 - Whether anyone may be blotted out of the book of life?Question. 25 - THE POWER OF GOD (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is power in God?Article. 2 - Whether the power of God is infinite?Article. 3 - Whether God is omnipotent?Article. 4 - Whether God can make the past not to have been?Article. 5 - Whether God can do what He does not?Article. 6 - Whether God can do better than what He does?Question. 26 - OF THE DIVINE BEATITUDE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether beatitude belongs to God?Article. 2 - Whether God is called blessed in respect of His intellect?Article. 3 - Whether God is the beatitude of each of the blessed?Article. 4 - Whether all other beatitude is included in the beatitude of God?Question. 27 - The Procession of the Divine Persons (Five Articles)Article. 1 - Whether there is procession in God?Article. 2 - Whether any procession in God can be called generation?Article. 3 - Whether any other procession exists in God besides that of the Word?Article. 4 - Whether the procession of love in God is generation?Article. 5 - Whether there are more than two processions in God?Article. 1 - Whether there are real relations in God?Article. 2 - Whether relation in God is the same as His essence?Article. 3 - Whether the relations in God are really distinguished from each other?Article. 4 - Whether in God there are only four real relations---paternity, filiation, spiration, and procession?Question. 29 - THE DIVINE PERSONS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - The definition of “person”Article. 2 - Whether “person” is the same as hypostasis, subsistence, and essence?Article. 3 - Whether the word “person” should be said of God?Article. 4 - Whether this word “person” signifies relation?Article. 1 - Whether there are several persons in God?Article. 2 - Whether there are more than three persons in God?Article. 3 - Whether the numeral terms denote anything real in God?Article. 4 - Whether this term “person” can be common to the three persons?Question. 31 - OF WHAT BELONGS TO THE UNITY OR PLURALITY IN GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is trinity in God?Article. 2 - Whether the Son is other than the Father?Article. 3 - Whether the exclusive word “alone” should be added to the essential term in God?Article. 4 - Whether an exclusive diction can be joined to the personal term?Article. 1 - Whether the trinity of the divine persons can be known by natural reason?Article. 2 - Whether there are notions in God?Article. 3 - Whether there are five notions?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to have various contrary opinions of notions?Question. 33 - OF THE PERSON OF THE FATHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to the Father to be the principle?Article. 2 - Whether this name “Father” is properly the name of a divine person?Article. 3 - Whether this name “Father” is applied to God, firstly as a personal name?Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to the Father to be unbegotten?Question. 34 - OF THE PERSON OF THE SON (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Word in God is a personal name?Article. 2 - Whether “Word” is the Son's proper name?Article. 3 - Whether the name “Word” imports relation to creatures?Article. 1 - Whether image in God is said personally?Article. 2 - Whether the name of Image is proper to the Son?Question. 36 - OF THE PERSON OF THE HOLY GHOST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this name “Holy Ghost” is the proper name of one divine person?Article. 2 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son?Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father through the Son?Article. 4 - Whether the Father and the Son are one principle of the Holy Ghost?Article. 1 - Whether “Love” is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the Father and the Son love each other by the Holy Ghost?Article. 1 - Whether 'Gift' is a personal name?Article. 2 - Whether 'Gift' is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?Question. 39 - OF THE PERSONS IN RELATION TO THE ESSENCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in God the essence is the same as the person?Article. 2 - Whether it must be said that the three persons are of one essence?Article. 3 - Whether essential names should be predicated in the singular of the three persons?Article. 4 - Whether the concrete essential names can stand for the person?Article. 5 - Whether abstract essential names can stand for the person?Article. 6 - Whether the persons can be predicated of the essential terms?Article. 7 - Whether the essential names should be appropriated to the persons?Article. 8 - Whether the essential attributes are appropriated to the persons in a fitting manner by the holy doctors?Question. 40 - OF THE PERSONS AS COMPARED TO THE RELATIONS OR PROPERTIES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether relation is the same as person?Article. 2 - Whether the persons are distinguished by the relations?Article. 3 - Whether the hypostases remain if the relations are mentally abstracted from the persons?Article. 4 - Whether the properties presuppose the notional acts?Question. 41 - OF THE PERSONS IN REFERENCE TO THE NOTIONAL ACTS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the notional acts are to be attributed to the persons?Article. 2 - Whether the notional acts are voluntary?Article. 3 - Whether the notional acts proceed from something?Article. 4 - Whether in God there is a power in respect of the notional acts?Article. 5 - Whether the power of begetting signifies a relation, and not the essence?Article. 6 - Whether several persons can be the term of one notional act?Question. 42 - OF EQUALITY AND LIKENESS AMONG THE DIVINE PERSONS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is equality in God?Article. 2 - Whether the person proceeding is co-eternal with His principle, as the Son with the Father?Article. 3 - Whether in the divine persons there exists an order of nature?Article. 4 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in greatness?Article. 5 - Whether the Son is in the Father, and conversely?Article. 6 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in power?Question. 43 - THE MISSION OF THE DIVINE PERSONS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a divine person can be properly sent?Article. 2 - Whether mission is eternal, or only temporal?Article. 3 - Whether the invisible mission of the divine person is only according to the gift of sanctifying grace?Article. 4 - Whether the Father can be fittingly sent?Article. 5 - Whether it is fitting for the Son to be sent invisibly?Article. 6 - Whether the invisible mission is to all who participate grace?Article. 7 - Whether it is fitting for the Holy Ghost to be sent visibly?Article. 8 - Whether a divine person is sent only by the person whence He proceeds eternally?Question. 44 - The Procession of Creatures From God, and of the First Cause of all Things (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary that every being be created by God?Article. 2 - Whether primary matter is created by God?Article. 3 - Whether the exemplar cause is anything besides God?Article. 4 - Whether God is the final cause of all things?Question. 45 - THE MODE OF EMANATION OF THINGS FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to create is to make something from nothing?Article. 2 - Whether God can create anything?Article. 3 - Whether creation is anything in the creature?Article. 4 - Whether to be created belongs to composite and subsisting things?Article. 5 - Whether it belongs to God alone to create?Article. 6 - Whether to create is proper to any person?Article. 7 - Whether in creatures is necessarily found a trace of the Trinity?Article. 8 - Whether creation is mingled with works of nature and art?Article. 1 - Whether the universe of creatures always existed?Article. 2 - Whether it is an article of faith that the world began?Article. 3 - Whether the creation of things was in the beginning of time?Question. 47 - Of The Distinctionn of Things In General (Three Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the multitude and distinction of things come from God?Article. 2 - Whether the inequality of things is from God?Article. 3 - Whether there is only one world?Question. 48 - The Distinction of Things in Particular (Six Articles)Article. 1 - Whether evil is a nature?Article. 2 - Whether evil is found in things?Article. 3 - Whether evil is in good as in its subject?Article. 4 - Whether evil corrupts the whole good?Article. 5 - Whether evil is adequately divided into pain* and fault?Article. 6 - Whether pain has the nature of evil more than fault has?Article. 1 - Whether good can be the cause of evil?Article. 2 - Whether the supreme good, God, is the cause of evil?Article. 3 - Whether there be one supreme evil which is the cause of every evil?Question. 50 - Of The Substance of The Angels Absolutely Considered (Five Articles)Article. 1 - Whether an angel is altogether incorporeal?Article. 2 - Whether an angel is composed of matter and form?Article. 3 - Whether the angels exist in any great number?Article. 4 - Whether the angels differ in species?Article. 5 - Whether the angels are incorruptible?Question. 51 - OF THE ANGELS IN COMPARISON WITH BODIES (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels have bodies naturally united to them?Article. 2 - Whether angels assume bodies?Article. 3 - Whether the angels exercise functions of life in the bodies assumed?Article. 1 - Whether an angel is in a place?Article. 2 - Whether an angel can be in several places at once?Article. 3 - Whether several angels can be at the same time in the same place?Article. 1 - Whether an angel can be moved locally?Article. 2 - Whether an angel passes through intermediate space?Article. 3 - Whether the movement of an angel is instantaneous?Question. 54 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel's act of understanding is his substance?Article. 2 - Whether in the angel to understand is to exist?Article. 3 - Whether an angel's power of intelligence is his essence?Article. 4 - Whether there is an active and a passive intellect in an angel?Article. 5 - Whether there is only intellectual knowledge in the angels?Question. 55 - OF THE MEDIUM OF THE ANGELIC KNOWLEDGE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels know all things by their substance?Article. 2 - Whether the angels understand by species drawn from things?Article. 3 - Whether the higher angels understand by more universal species than the lower angels?Question. 56 - OF THE ANGEL'S KNOWLEDGE OF IMMATERIAL THINGS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel knows himself?Article. 2 - Whether one angel knows another?Article. 3 - Whether an angle knows God by his own natural principles?Article. 1 - Whether the angels know material things?Article. 2 - Whether an angel knows singulars?Article. 3 - Whether angels know the future?Article. 4 - Whether angels know secret thoughts?Article. 5 - Whether the angels know the mysteries of grace?Question. 58 - OF THE MODE OF ANGELIC KNOWLEDGE (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angel's intellect is sometimes in potentiality, sometimes in act?Article. 2 - Whether an angel can understand many things at the same time?Article. 3 - Whether an angel's knowledge is discursive?Article. 4 - Whether the angels understand by composing and dividing?Article. 5 - Whether there can be falsehood in the intellect of an angel?Article. 6 - Whether there is a 'morning' and an 'evening' knowledge in the angels?Article. 7 - Whether the morning and evening knowledge are one?Question. 59 - THE WILL OF THE ANGELS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is will in the angels?Article. 2 - Whether in the angels the will differs from the intellect?Article. 3 - Whether there is free-will in the angels?Article. 4 - Whether there is an irascible and a concupiscible appetite in the angels?Question. 60 - OF THE LOVE OR DILECTION OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is natural love or dilection in an angel?Article. 2 - Whether there is love of choice in the angels?Article. 3 - Whether the angel loves himself with both natural love, and love of choice?Article. 4 - Whether an angel loves another with natural love as he loves himself?Article. 5 - Whether an angel by natural love loves God more than he loves himself?Question. 61 - OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE ANGELS IN THE ORDER OF NATURAL BEING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels have a cause of their existence?Article. 2 - Whether the angel was produced by God from eternity?Article. 3 - Whether the angels were created before the corporeal world?Article. 4 - Whether the angels were created in the empyrean heaven?Question. 62 - OF THE PERFECTION OF THE ANGELS IN THE ORDER OF GRACE AND OF GLORY (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels were created in beatitude?Article. 2 - Whether an angel needs grace in order to turn to God?Article. 3 - Whether the angels were created in grace?Article. 4 - Whether an angel merits his beatitude?Article. 5 - Whether the angel obtained beatitude immediately after one act of merit?Article. 6 - Whether the angels receive grace and glory according to the degree of their natural gifts?Article. 7 - Whether natural knowledge and love remain in the beatified angels?Article. 8 - Whether a beatified angel can sin?Article. 9 - Whether the beatified angels advance in beatitude?Question. 63 - THE MALICE OF THE ANGELS WITH REGARD TO SIN (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the evil of fault can be in the angels?Article. 2 - Whether only the sin of pride and envy can exist in an angel?Article. 3 - Whether the devil desired to be as God?Article. 4 - Whether any demons are naturally wicked?Article. 5 - Whether the devil was wicked by the fault of his own will in the first instant of his creation?Article. 6 - Whether there was any interval between the creation and the fall of the angel?Article. 7 - Whether the highest angel among those who sinned was the highest of all?Article. 8 - Whether the sin of the highest angel was the cause of the others sinning?Article. 9 - Whether those who sinned were as many as those who remained firm?Article. 1 - Whether the demons' intellect is darkened by privation of the knowledge of all truth?Article. 2 - Whether the will of the demons is obstinate in evil?Article. 3 - Whether there is sorrow in the demons?Article. 4 - Whether our atmosphere is the demons' place of punishment?Question. 65 - The Work of Creation of Corporeal Creatures (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether corporeal creatures are from God?Article. 2 - Whether corporeal things were made on account of God's goodness?Article. 3 - Whether corporeal creatures were produced by God through the medium of the angels?Article. 4 - Whether the forms of bodies are from the angels?Question. 66 - ON THE ORDER OF CREATION TOWARDS DISTINCTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether formlessness of created matter preceded in time its formation?Article. 2 - Whether the formless matter of all corporeal things is the same?Article. 3 - Whether the empyrean heaven was created at the same time as formless matter?Article. 4 - Whether time was created simultaneously with formless matter?Question. 67 - ON THE WORK OF DISTINCTION IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the word 'light' is used in its proper sense in speaking of spiritual things?Article. 2 - Whether light is a body?Article. 3 - Whether light is a quality?Article. 4 - Whether the production of light is fittingly assigned to the first day?Article. 1 - Whether the firmament was made on the second day?Article. 2 - Whether there are waters above the firmament?Article. 3 - Whether the firmament divides waters from waters?Article. 4 - Whether there is only one heaven?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that the gathering together of the waters should take place, as recorded, on the third day?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that the production of plants should take place on the third day?Question. 70 - OF THE WORK OF ADORNMENT, AS REGARDS THE FOURTH DAY (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the lights ought to have been produced on the fourth day?Article. 2 - Whether the cause assigned for the production of the lights is reasonable?Article. 3 - Whether the lights of heaven are living beings?Question. 71 - ON THE WORK OF THE FIFTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)Question. 72 - ON THE WORK OF THE SIXTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)Article. 1 - Whether the completion of the Divine works ought to be ascribed to the seventh day?Article. 2 - Whether God rested on the seventh day from all His work?Article. 3 - Whether blessing and sanctifying are due to the seventh day?Article. 1 - Whether these days are sufficiently enumerated?Article. 2 - Whether all these days are one day?Article. 3 - Whether Scripture uses suitable words to express the work of the six days?Question. 75 - Of Man Who is Composed of a Spiritual and a Corporeal Substance: And in the First Place, Concerning What Belongs to the Essence of the Soul (Seven Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the soul is a body?Article. 2 - Whether the human soul is something subsistent?Article. 3 - Whether the souls of brute animals are subsistent?Article. 4 - Whether the soul is man?Article. 5 - Whether the soul is composed of matter and form?Article. 6 - Whether the human soul is incorruptible?Article. 7 - Whether the soul is of the same species as an angel?Question. 76 - OF THE UNION OF BODY AND SOUL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual principle is united to the body as its form?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual principle is multiplied according to the number of bodies?Article. 3 - Whether besides the intellectual soul there are in man other souls essentially different from one another?Article. 4 - Whether in man there is another form besides the intellectual soul?Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul is properly united to such a body?Article. 6 - Whether the intellectual soul is united to the body through the medium of accidental dispositions?Article. 7 - Whether the soul is united to the animal body by means of a body?Article. 8 - Whether the soul is in each part of the body?Question. 77 - OF THOSE THINGS WHICH BELONG TO THE POWERS OF THE SOUL IN GENERAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the essence of the soul is its power?Article. 2 - Whether there are several powers of the soul?Article. 3 - Whether the powers are distinguished by their acts and objects?Article. 4 - Whether among the powers of the soul there is order?Article. 5 - Whether all the powers of the soul are in the soul as their subject?Article. 6 - Whether the powers of the soul flow from its essence?Article. 7 - Whether one power of the soul arises from another?Article. 8 - Whether all the powers remain in the soul when separated from the body?Question. 78 - OF THE SPECIFIC POWERS OF THE SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are to be distinguished five genera of powers in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the parts of the vegetative soul are fittingly described as the nutritive, augmentative, and generative?Article. 3 - Whether the five exterior senses are properly distinguished?Article. 4 - Whether the interior senses are suitably distinguished?Question. 79 - OF THE INTELLECTUAL POWERS (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellect is a power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the intellect is a passive power?Article. 3 - Whether there is an active intellect?Article. 4 - Whether the active intellect is something in the soul?Article. 5 - Whether the active intellect is one in all?Article. 6 - Whether memory is in the intellectual part of the soul?Article. 7 - Whether the intellectual memory is a power distinct from the intellect?Article. 8 - Whether the reason is distinct from the intellect?Article. 9 - Whether the higher and lower reason are distinct powers?Article. 10 - Whether intelligence is a power distinct from intellect?Article. 11 - Whether the speculative and practical intellects are distinct powers?Article. 12 - Whether synderesis is a special power of the soul distinct from the others?Article. 13 - Whether conscience be a power?Question. 80 - OF THE APPETITIVE POWERS IN GENERAL (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the appetite is a special power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive and intellectual appetites are distinct powers?Article. 1 - Whether sensuality is only appetitive?Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive appetite is divided into the irascible and concupiscible as distinct powers?Article. 3 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible appetites obey reason?Article. 1 - Whether the will desires something of necessity?Article. 2 - Whether the will desires of necessity, whatever it desires?Article. 3 - Whether the will is a higher power than the intellect?Article. 4 - Whether the will moves the intellect?Article. 5 - Whether we should distinguish irascible and concupiscible parts in the superior appetite?Article. 1 - Whether man has free-will?Article. 2 - Whether free-will is a power?Article. 3 - Whether free-will is an appetitive power?Article. 4 - Whether free-will is a power distinct from the will?Question. 84 - HOW THE SOUL WHILE UNITED TO THE BODY UNDERSTANDS CORPOREAL THINGS BENEATH IT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul knows bodies through the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the soul understands corporeal things through its essence?Article. 3 - Whether the soul understands all things through innate species?Article. 4 - Whether the intelligible species are derived by the soul from certain separate forms?Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul knows material things in the eternal types?Article. 6 - Whether intellectual knowledge is derived from sensible things?Article. 7 - Whether the intellect can actually understand through the intelligible species of which it is possessed, without turning to the phantasms?Article. 8 - Whether the judgment of the intellect is hindered through suspension of the sensitive powers?Question. 85 - OF THE MODE AND ORDER OF UNDERSTANDING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether our intellect understands corporeal and material things by abstraction from phantasms?Article. 2 - Whether the intelligible species abstracted from the phantasm is related to our intellect as that which is understood?Article. 3 - Whether the more universal is first in our intellectual cognition?Article. 4 - Whether we can understand many things at the same time?Article. 5 - Whether our intellect understands by composition and division?Article. 6 - Whether the intellect can be false?Article. 7 - Whether one person can understand one and the same thing better than another can?Article. 8 - Whether the intellect understands the indivisible before the divisible?Article. 1 - Whether our intellect knows singulars?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can know the infinite?Article. 3 - Whether our intellect can know contingent things?Article. 4 - Whether our intellect can know the future?Question. 87 - HOW THE INTELLECTUAL SOUL KNOWS ITSELF AND ALL WITHIN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual soul knows itself by its essence?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect knows the habits of the soul by their essence?Article. 3 - Whether our intellect knows its own act?Article. 4 - Whether the intellect understands the act of the will?Question. 88 - HOW THE HUMAN SOUL KNOWS WHAT IS ABOVE ITSELF (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the human soul in the present state of life can understand immaterial substances in themselves?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can understand immaterial substances through its knowledge of material things?Article. 3 - Whether God is the first object known by the human mind?Question. 89 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SEPARATED SOUL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the separated soul can understand anything?Article. 2 - Whether the separated soul understands separate substances?Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul knows all natural things?Article. 4 - Whether the separated soul knows singulars?Article. 5 - Whether the habit of knowledge here acquired remains in the separated soul?Article. 6 - Whether the act of knowledge acquired here remains in the separated soul?Article. 7 - Whether local distance impedes the knowledge in the separated soul?Article. 8 - Whether separated souls know that takes place on earth?Question. 90 - OF THE FIRST PRODUCTION OF MAN'S SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul was made or was of God's substance?Article. 2 - Whether the soul was produced by creation?Article. 3 - Whether the rational soul is produced by God immediately?Article. 4 - Whether the human soul was produced before the body?Article. 1 - Whether the body of the first man was made of the slime of the earth?Article. 2 - Whether the human body was immediately produced by God?Article. 3 - Whether the body of man was given an apt disposition?Article. 4 - Whether the production of the human body is fittingly described in Scripture?Article. 1 - Whether the woman should have been made in the first production of things?Article. 2 - Whether woman should have been made from man?Article. 3 - Whether the woman was fittingly made from the rib of man?Article. 4 - Whether the woman was formed immediately by God?Question. 93 - THE END OR TERM OF THE PRODUCTION OF MAN (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the image of God is in man?Article. 2 - Whether the image of God is to be found in irrational creatures?Article. 3 - Whether the angels are more to the image of God than man is?Article. 4 - Whether the image of God is found in every man?Article. 5 - Whether the image of God is in man according to the Trinity of Persons?Article. 6 - Whether the image of God is in man as regards the mind only?Article. 7 - Whether the image of God is to be found in the acts of the soul?Article. 8 - Whether the image of the Divine Trinity is in the soul only by comparison with God as its object?Article. 9 - Whether 'likeness' is properly distinguished from 'image'?Question. 94 - OF THE STATE AND CONDITION OF THE FIRST MAN AS REGARDS HIS INTELLECT (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first man saw God through His Essence?Article. 2 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence saw the angels through their essence?Article. 3 - Whether the first man knew all things?Article. 4 - Whether man in his first state could be deceived?Question. 95 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE FIRST MAN'S WILL---NAMELY, GRACE AND RIGHTEOUSNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first man was created in grace?Article. 2 - Whether passions existed in the soul of the first man?Article. 3 - Whether Adam had all the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether the actions of the first man were less meritorious than ours are?Question. 96 - OF THE MASTERSHIP BELONGING TO MAN IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence had mastership over the animals?Article. 2 - Whether man had mastership over all other creatures?Article. 3 - Whether men were equal in the state of innocence?Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been master over man?Question. 97 - OF THE PRESERVATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE PRIMITIVE STATE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been immortal?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been passible?Article. 3 - Whether in the state of innocence man had need of food?Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have acquired immortality by the tree of life?Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence generation existed?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence there would have been generation by coition?Question. 99 - OF THE CONDITION OF THE OFFSPRING AS TO THE BODY (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have had perfect strength of body as to the use of its members immediately after birth?Article. 2 - Whether, in the primitive state, women would have been born?Article. 1 - Whether men would have been born in a state of righteousness?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born confirmed in righteousness?Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born with perfect knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether children would have had perfect use of reason at birth?Article. 1 - Whether paradise is a corporeal place?Article. 2 - Whether paradise was a place adapted to be the abode of man?Article. 3 - Whether man was placed in paradise to dress it and keep it?Article. 4 - Whether man was created in paradise?Question. 103 - Of the Government of Things in General (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the world is governed by anyone?Article. 2 - Whether the end of the government of the world is something outside the world?Article. 3 - Whether the world is governed by one?Article. 4 - Whether the effect of government is one or many?Article. 5 - Whether all things are subject to the Divine government?Article. 6 - Whether all things are immediately governed by God?Article. 7 - Whether anything can happen outside the order of the Divine government?Article. 8 - Whether anything can resist the order of the Divine government?Article. 1 - Whether creatures need to be kept in being by God?Article. 2 - Whether God preserves every creature immediately?Article. 3 - Whether God can annihilate anything?Article. 4 - Whether anything is annihilated?Question. 105 - OF THE CHANGE OF CREATURES BY GOD (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God can move the matter immediately to the form?Article. 2 - Whether God can move a body immediately?Article. 3 - Whether God moves the created intellect immediately?Article. 4 - Whether God can move the created will?Article. 5 - Whether God works in every agent?Article. 6 - Whether God can do anything outside the established order of nature?Article. 7 - Whether whatever God does outside the natural order is miraculous?Article. 8 - Whether one miracle is greater than another?Question. 106 - HOW ONE CREATURE MOVES ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one angel enlightens another?Article. 2 - Whether one angel moves another angel's will?Article. 3 - Whether an inferior angel can enlighten a superior angel?Article. 4 - Whether the superior angel enlightens the inferior as regards all he himself knows?Question. 107 - THE SPEECH OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one angel speaks to another?Article. 2 - Whether the inferior angel speaks to the superior?Article. 3 - Whether an angel speaks to God?Article. 4 - Whether local distance influences the angelic speech?Article. 5 - Whether all the angels know what one speaks to another?Question. 108 - OF THE ANGELIC DEGREES OF HIERARCHIES AND ORDERS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the angels are of one hierarchy?Article. 2 - Whether there are several orders in one hierarchy?Article. 3 - Whether there are many angels in one order?Article. 4 - Whether the distinction of hierarchies and orders comes from the angelic nature?Article. 5 - Whether the orders of the angels are properly named?Article. 6 - Whether the grades of the orders are properly assigned?Article. 7 - Whether the orders will outlast the Day of Judgment?Article. 8 - Whether men are taken up into the angelic orders?Article. 1 - Whether there are orders among the demons?Article. 2 - Whether among the demons there is precedence?Article. 3 - Whether there is enlightenment in the demons?Article. 4 - Whether the good angels have precedence over the bad angels?Question. 110 - HOW ANGELS ACT ON BODIES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the corporeal creature is governed by the angels?Article. 2 - Whether corporeal matter obeys the mere will of an angel?Article. 3 - Whether bodies obey the angels as regards local motion?Article. 4 - Whether angels can work miracles?Question. 111 - THE ACTION OF THE ANGELS ON MAN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel can enlighten man?Article. 2 - Whether the angels can change the will of man?Article. 3 - Whether an angel can change man's imagination?Article. 4 - Whether an angel can change the human senses?Article. 1 - Whether the angels are sent on works of ministry?Article. 2 - Whether all the angels are sent in ministry?Article. 3 - Whether all the angels who are sent, assist?Article. 4 - Whether all the angels of the second hierarchy are sent?Question. 113 - OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE GOOD ANGELS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are guarded by the angels?Article. 2 - Whether each man is guarded by an angel?Article. 3 - Whether to guard men belongs only to the lowest order of angels?Article. 4 - Whether angels are appointed to the guardianship of all men?Article. 5 - Whether an angel is appointed to guard a man from his birth?Article. 6 - Whether the angel guardian ever forsakes a man?Article. 7 - Whether angels grieve for the ills of those whom they guard?Article. 8 - Whether there can be strife or discord among the angels?Question. 114 - OF THE ASSAULTS OF THE DEMONS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are assailed by the demons?Article. 2 - Whether to tempt is proper to the devil?Article. 3 - Whether all sins are due to the temptation of the devil?Article. 4 - Whether demons can lead men astray by means of real miracles?Article. 4 - Whether a demon who is overcome by man, is for this reason hindered from making further assaults?Question. 115 - OF THE ACTION OF THE CORPOREAL CREATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a body can be active?Article. 2 - Whether there are any seminal virtues in corporeal matter?Article. 3 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of what is produced in bodies here below?Article. 4 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of human actions?Article. 5 - Whether heavenly bodies can act on the demons?Article. 6 - Whether heavenly bodies impose necessity on things subject to their action?Article. 1 - Whether there be such a thing as fate?Article. 2 - Whether fate is in created things?Article. 3 - Whether fate is unchangeable?Article. 4 - Whether all things are subject to fate?Question. 117 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE ACTION OF MAN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one man can teach another?Article. 2 - Whether man can teach the angels?Article. 3 - Whether man by the power of his soul can change corporeal matter?Article. 4 - Whether the separate human soul can move bodies at least locally?Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive soul is transmitted with the semen?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual soul is produced from the semen?Article. 3 - Whether human souls were created together at the beginning of the world?Article. 1 - Whether some part of the food is changed into true human nature?Article. 2 - Whether the semen is produced from surplus food?PrologueQuestion. 1 - OF MAN'S LAST END (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to man to act for an end?Article. 2 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to act for an end?Article. 3 - Whether human acts are specified by their end?Article. 4 - Whether there is one last end of human life?Article. 5 - Whether one man can have several last ends?Article. 6 - Whether man will all, whatsoever he wills, for the last end?Article. 7 - Whether all men have the same last end?Article. 8 - Whether other creatures concur in that last end?Question. 2 - OF THOSE THINGS IN WHICH MAN'S HAPPINESS CONSISTS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man's happiness consists in wealth?Article. 2 - Whether man's happiness consists in honors?Article. 3 - Whether man's happiness consists in fame or glory?Article. 4 - Whether man's happiness consists in power?Article. 5 - Whether man's happiness consists in any bodily good?Article. 6 - Whether man's happiness consists in pleasure?Article. 7 - Whether some good of the soul constitutes man's happiness?Article. 8 - Whether any created good constitutes man's happiness?Question. 3 - WHAT IS HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether happiness is something uncreated?Article. 2 - Whether happiness is an operation?Article. 3 - Whether happiness is an operation of the sensitive part, or of the intellective part only?Article. 4 - Whether, if happiness is in the intellective part, it is an operation of the intellect or of the will?Article. 5 - Whether happiness is an operation of the speculative, or of the practical intellect?Article. 6 - Whether happiness consists in the consideration of speculative sciences?Article. 7 - Whether happiness consists in the knowledge of separate substances, namely, angels?Article. 8 - Whether man's happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence?Question. 4 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether delight is required for happiness?Article. 2 - Whether in happiness vision ranks before delight?Article. 3 - Whether comprehension is necessary for happiness?Article. 4 - Whether rectitude of the will is necessary for happiness?Article. 5 - Whether the body is necessary for man's happiness?Article. 6 - Whether perfection of the body is necessary for happiness?Article. 7 - Whether any external goods are necessary for happiness?Article. 8 - Whether the fellowship of friend is necessary for happiness?Question. 5 - OF THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man can attain happiness?Article. 2 - Whether one man can be happier than another?Article. 3 - Whether one can be happy in this life?Article. 4 - Whether happiness once had can be lost?Article. 5 - Whether man can attain happiness by his natural powers?Article. 6 - Whether man attains happiness through the action of some higher creature?Article. 7 - Whether any good works are necessary that man may receive happiness from God?Article. 8 - Whether every man desires happiness?Question. 6 - OF THE VOLUNTARY AND THE INVOLUNTARY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is anything voluntary in human acts?Article. 2 - Whether there is anything voluntary in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether there can be voluntariness without any act?Article. 4 - Whether violence can be done to the will?Article. 5 - Whether violence causes involuntariness?Article. 6 - Whether fear causes involuntariness simply?Article. 7 - Whether concupiscence causes involuntariness?Article. 8 - Whether ignorance causes involuntariness?Article. 1 - Whether a circumstance is an accident of a human act?Article. 2 - Whether theologians should take note of the circumstances of human acts?Article. 3 - Whether the circumstances are properly set forth in the third book of Ethics?Article. 4 - Whether the most important circumstances are 'why' and 'in what the act consists'?Question. 8 - OF THE WILL, IN REGARD TO WHAT IT WILLS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is of good only?Article. 2 - Whether volition is of the end only, or also of the means?Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved by the same act to the end and to the means?Question. 9 - OF THAT WHICH MOVES THE WILL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved by the sensitive appetite?Article. 3 - Whether the will moves itself?Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved by an exterior principle?Article. 5 - Whether the will is moved by a heavenly body?Article. 6 - Whether the will is moved by God alone, as exterior principle?Question. 10 - OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE WILL IS MOVED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved to anything naturally?Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by its object?Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by the lower appetite?Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved of necessity by the exterior mover which is God?Article. 1 - Whether to enjoy is an act of the appetitive power?Article. 2 - Whether to enjoy belongs to the rational creature alone, or also to irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether enjoyment is only of the last end?Article. 4 - Whether enjoyment is only of the end possessed?Question. 12 - OF INTENTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether intention is an act of the intellect or of the will?Article. 2 - Whether intention is only of the last end?Article. 3 - Whether one can intend two things at the same time?Article. 4 - Whether intention of the end is the same act as the volition of the means?Article. 5 - Whether intention is within the competency of irrational animals?Question. 13 - OF CHOICE, WHICH IS AN ACT OF THE WILL WITH REGARD TO THE MEANS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether choice is an act of will or of reason?Article. 2 - Whether choice is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether choice is only of the means, or sometimes also of the end?Article. 4 - Whether choice is of those things only that are done by us?Article. 5 - Whether choice is only of possible things?Article. 6 - Whether man chooses of necessity or freely?Question. 14 - OF COUNSEL, WHICH PRECEDES CHOICE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether counsel is an inquiry?Article. 2 - Whether counsel is of the end, or only of the means?Article. 3 - Whether counsel is only of things that we do?Article. 4 - Whether counsel is about all things that we do?Article. 5 - Whether the process of counsel is one of analysis?Article. 6 - Whether the process of counsel is indefinite?Question. 15 - OF CONSENT, WHICH IS AN ACT OF THE WILL IN REGARD TO THE MEANS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consent is an act of the appetitive or of the apprehensive power?Article. 2 - Whether consent is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether consent is directed to the end or to the means?Article. 4 - Whether consent to the act belongs only to the higher part of the soul?Article. 1 - Whether use is an act of the will?Article. 2 - Whether use is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether use regards also the last end?Article. 4 - Whether use precedes choice?Question. 17 - OF THE ACTS COMMANDED BY THE WILL (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether command is an act of the reason or of the will?Article. 2 - Whether command belongs to irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether use precedes command?Article. 4 - Whether command and the commanded act are one act, or distinct?Article. 5 - Whether the act of the will is commanded?Article. 6 - Whether the act of the reason is commanded?Article. 7 - Whether the act of the sensitive appetite is commanded?Article. 8 - Whether the act of the vegetal soul is commanded?Article. 9 - Whether the acts of the external members are commanded?Question. 18 - OF THE GOOD AND EVIL OF HUMAN ACTS, IN GENERAL (ELEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every human action is good, or are there evil actions?Article. 2 - Whether the good or evil of a man's action is derived from its object?Article. 3 - Whether man's action is good or evil from a circumstance?Article. 4 - Whether a human action is good or evil from its end?Article. 5 - Whether a human action is good or evil in its species?Article. 6 - Whether an action has the species of good or evil from its end?Article. 7 - Whether the species derived from the end is contained under the species derived from the object, as under its genus, or conversely?Article. 8 - Whether any action is indifferent in its species?Article. 9 - Whether an individual action can be indifferent?Article. 10 - Whether a circumstance places a moral action in the species of good or evil?Article. 11 - Whether every circumstance that makes an action better or worse, places a moral action in a species of good or evil?Question. 19 - OF THE GOODNESS AND MALICE OF THE INTERIOR ACT OF THE WILL (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object?Article. 2 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object alone?Article. 3 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on reason?Article. 4 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the eternal law?Article. 5 - Whether the will is evil when it is at variance with erring reason?Article. 6 - Whether the will is good when it abides by erring reason?Article. 7 - Whether the goodness of the will, as regards the means, depends on the intention of the end?Article. 8 - Whether the degree of goodness or malice in the will depends on the degree of good or evil in the intention?Article. 9 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on its conformity to the Divine will?Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary for the human will, in order to be good, to be conformed to the Divine will, as regards the thing willed?Question. 20 - OF GOODNESS AND MALICE IN EXTERNAL HUMAN AFFAIRS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness or malice is first in the action of the will, or in the external action?Article. 2 - Whether the whole goodness and malice of the external action depends on the goodness of the will?Article. 3 - Whether the goodness and malice of the external action are the same as those of the interior act?Article. 4 - Whether the external action adds any goodness or malice to that of the interior act?Article. 5 - Whether the consequences of the external action increase its goodness or malice?Article. 6 - Whether one and the same external action can be both good and evil?Question. 21 - OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN ACTIONS BY REASON OF THEIR GOODNESS AND MALICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a human action is right or sinful, in so far as it is good or evil?Article. 2 - Whether a human action deserves praise or blame, by reason of its being good or evil?Article. 3 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious in so far as it is good or evil?Article. 4 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious before God, according as it is good or evil?Question. 22 - OF THE SUBJECT OF THE SOUL'S PASSIONS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any passion is in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether passion is in the appetitive rather than in the apprehensive part?Article. 3 - Whether passion is in the sensitive appetite rather than in the intellectual appetite, which is called the will?Question. 23 - HOW THE PASSIONS DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the passions of the concupiscible part are different from those of the irascible part?Article. 2 - Whether the contrariety of the irascible passions is based on the contrariety of good and evil?Article. 3 - Whether any passion of the soul has no contrariety?Article. 4 - Whether in the same power, there are any passions, specifically different, but not contrary to one another?Question. 24 - OF GOOD AND EVIL IN THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral good and evil can be found in the passions of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether every passion of the soul is evil morally?Article. 3 - Whether passion increases or decreases the goodness or malice of an act?Article. 4 - Whether any passion is good or evil in its species?Article. 1 - Whether the irascible passions precede the concupiscible passions, or vice versa?Article. 2 - Whether love is the first of the concupiscible passions?Article. 3 - Whether hope is the first of the irascible passions?Article. 4 - Whether these are the four principal passions: joy, sadness, hope and fear?Question. 26 - OF THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL IN PARTICULAR: AND FIRST, OF LOVE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether love is in the concupiscible power?Article. 2 - Whether love is a passion?Article. 3 - Whether love is the same as dilection?Article. 4 - Whether love is properly divided into love of friendship and love of concupiscence?Article. 1 - Whether good is the only cause of love?Article. 2 - Whether knowledge is a cause of love?Article. 3 - Whether likeness is a cause of love?Article. 4 - Whether any other passion of the soul is a cause of love?Question. 28 - OF THE EFFECTS OF LOVE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether union is an effect of love?Article. 2 - Whether mutual indwelling is an effect of love?Article. 3 - Whether ecstasy is an effect of love?Article. 4 - Whether zeal is an effect of love?Article. 5 - Whether love is a passion that wounds the lover?Article. 6 - Whether love is cause of all that the lover does?Question. 29 - OF HATRED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether evil is the cause and object of hatred?Article. 2 - Whether love is a cause of hatred?Article. 3 - Whether hatred is stronger than love?Article. 4 - Whether a man can hate himself?Article. 5 - Whether a man can hate the truth?Article. 6 - Whether anything can be an object of universal hatred?Article. 1 - Whether concupiscence is in the sensitive appetite only?Article. 2 - Whether concupiscence is a specific passion?Article. 3 - Whether some concupiscences are natural, and some not natural?Article. 4 - Whether concupiscence is infinite?Question. 31 - OF DELIGHT CONSIDERED IN ITSELF [*Or, Pleasure] (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether delight is a passion?Article. 2 - Whether delight is in time?Article. 3 - Whether delight differs from joy?Article. 4 - Whether delight is in the intellectual appetite?Article. 5 - Whether bodily and sensible pleasures are greater than spiritual and intellectual pleasures?Article. 6 - Whether the pleasures of touch are greater than the pleasures afforded by the other senses?Article. 7 - Whether any pleasure is not natural?Article. 8 - Whether one pleasure can be contrary to another?Question. 32 - OF THE CAUSE OF PLEASURE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether operation is the proper cause of pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether movement is a cause of pleasure?Article. 3 - Whether hope and memory causes pleasure?Article. 4 - Whether sadness causes pleasure?Article. 5 - Whether the actions of others are a cause of pleasure to us?Article. 6 - Whether doing good to another is a cause of pleasure?Article. 7 - Whether likeness is a cause of pleasure?Article. 8 - Whether wonder is a cause of pleasure?Article. 1 - Whether expansion is an effect of pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether pleasure causes thirst or desire for itself?Article. 3 - Whether pleasure hinders the use of reason?Article. 4 - Whether pleasure perfects operation?Article. 1 - Whether every pleasure is evil?Article. 2 - Whether every pleasure is good?Article. 3 - Whether any pleasure is the greatest good?Article. 4 - Whether pleasure is the measure or rule by which to judge of moral good or evil?Question. 35 - OF PAIN OR SORROW, IN ITSELF (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain is a passion of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether sorrow is the same as pain?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain is contrary to pleasure?Article. 4 - Whether all sorrow is contrary to all pleasure?Article. 5 - Whether there is any sorrow contrary to the pleasure of contemplation?Article. 6 - Whether sorrow is to be shunned more than pleasure is to be sought?Article. 7 - Whether outward pain is greater than interior sorrow?Article. 8 - Whether there are only four species of sorrow?Question. 36 - OF THE CAUSES OF SORROW OR PAIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sorrow is caused by the loss of good or by the presence of evil?Article. 2 - Whether desire is a cause of sorrow?Article. 3 - Whether the craving for unity is a cause of sorrow?Article. 4 - Whether an irresistible power is a cause of sorrow?Question. 37 - OF THE EFFECTS OF PAIN OR SORROW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain deprives one of the power to learn?Article. 2 - Whether the effect of sorrow or pain is to burden the soul?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain weakens all activity?Article. 4 - Whether sorrow is more harmful to the body than the other passions of the soul?Question. 38 - OF THE REMEDIES OF SORROW OR PAIN (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by every pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by tears?Article. 3 - Whether pain or sorrow are assuaged by the sympathy of friends?Article. 4 - Whether pain and sorrow are assuaged by the contemplation of truth?Article. 5 - Whether pain and sorrow are assuaged by sleep and baths?Article. 1 - Whether all sorrow is evil?Article. 2 - Whether sorrow can be a virtuous good?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow can be a useful good?Article. 4 - Whether bodily pain is the greatest evil?Question. 40 - OF THE IRASCIBLE PASSIONS, AND FIRST, OF HOPE AND DESPAIR (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether hope is the same as desire of cupidity?Article. 2 - Whether hope is in the apprehensive or in the appetitive power?Article. 3 - Whether hope is in dumb animals?Article. 4 - Whether despair is contrary to hope?Article. 5 - Whether experience is a cause of hope?Article. 6 - Whether hope abounds in young men and drunkards?Article. 7 - Whether hope is a cause of love?Article. 8 - Whether hope is a help or a hindrance to action?Question. 41 - OF FEAR, IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fear is a passion of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether fear is a special passion?Article. 3 - Whether there is a natural fear?Article. 4 - Whether the species of fear is suitably assigned?Question. 42 - OF THE OBJECT OF FEAR (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the object of fear is good or evil?Article. 2 - Whether evil of nature is an object of fear?Article. 3 - Whether the evil of sin is an object of fear?Article. 4 - Whether fear itself can be feared?Article. 5 - Whether sudden things are especially feared?Article. 6 - Whether those things are more feared, for which there is no remedy?Article. 1 - Whether love is the cause of fear?Article. 2 - Whether defect is the cause of fear?Article. 1 - Whether fear causes contraction?Article. 2 - Whether fear makes one suitable for counsel?Article. 3 - Whether fear makes one tremble?Article. 4 - Whether fear hinders action?Article. 1 - Whether daring is contrary to fear?Article. 2 - Whether daring ensues from hope?Article. 3 - Whether some defect is a cause of daring?Article. 4 - Whether the brave are more eager at first than in the midst of danger?Question. 46 - OF ANGER, IN ITSELF (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether anger is a special passion?Article. 2 - Whether the object of anger is good or evil?Article. 3 - Whether anger is in the concupiscible faculty?Article. 4 - Whether anger requires an act of reason?Article. 5 - Whether anger is more natural than desire?Article. 6 - Whether anger is more grievous than hatred?Article. 7 - Whether anger is only towards those to whom one has an obligation of justice?Article. 8 - Whether the species of anger are suitably assigned?Question. 47 - OF THE CAUSE THAT PROVOKES ANGER, AND OF THE REMEDIES OF ANGER (FOUR ARTICLES) [*There is no further mention of these remedies in the text, except in A[4].]Article. 1 - Whether the motive of anger is always something done against the one who is angry?Article. 2 - Whether the sole motive of anger is slight or contempt?Article. 3 - Whether a man's excellence is the cause of his being angry?Article. 4 - Whether a person's defect is a reason for being more easily angry with him?Article. 1 - Whether anger causes pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether anger above all causes fervor in the heart?Article. 3 - Whether anger above all hinders the use of reason?Article. 4 - Whether anger above all causes taciturnity?Question. 49 - OF HABITS IN GENERAL, AS TO THEIR SUBSTANCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether habit is a quality?Article. 2 - Whether habit is a distinct species of quality?Article. 3 - Whether habit implies order to an act?Article. 4 - Whether habits are necessary?Question. 50 - OF THE SUBJECT OF HABITS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is a habit in the body?Article. 2 - Whether the soul is the subject of habit in respect of its essence or in respect of its power?Article. 3 - Whether there can be any habits in the powers of the sensitive parts?Article. 4 - Whether there is any habit in the intellect?Article. 5 - Whether any habit is in the will?Article. 6 - Whether there are habits in the angels?Question. 51 - OF THE CAUSE OF HABITS, AS TO THEIR FORMATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any habit is from nature?Article. 2 - Whether any habit is caused by acts?Article. 3 - Whether a habit can be caused by one act?Article. 4 - Whether any habits are infused in man by God?Article. 1 - Whether habits increase?Article. 2 - Whether habits increases by addition?Article. 3 - Whether every act increases its habit?Article. 1 - Whether a habit can be corrupted?Article. 2 - Whether a habit can diminish?Article. 3 - Whether a habit is corrupted or diminished through mere cessation from act?Article. 1 - Whether many habits can be in one power?Article. 2 - Whether habits are distinguished by their objects?Article. 3 - Whether habits are divided into good and bad?Article. 4 - Whether one habit is made up of many habits?Question. 55 - OF THE VIRTUES, AS TO THEIR ESSENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human virtue is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether human virtue is an operative habit?Article. 3 - Whether human virtue is a good habit?Article. 4 - Whether virtue is suitably defined?Question. 56 - OF THE SUBJECT OF VIRTUE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the subject of virtue is a power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether one virtue can be in several powers?Article. 3 - Whether the intellect can be the subject of virtue?Article. 4 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible powers are the subject of virtue?Article. 5 - Whether the sensitive powers of apprehension are the subject of virtue?Article. 6 - Whether the will can be the subject of virtue?Question. 57 - OF THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the habits of the speculative intellect are virtues?Article. 2 - Whether there are only three habits of the speculative intellect, viz. wisdom, science and understanding?Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual habit, art, is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a distinct virtue from art?Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a virtue necessary to man?Article. 6 - Whether 'eubulia, synesis, and gnome' are virtues annexed to prudence? [*{euboulia, synesis, gnome}]Question. 58 - OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every virtue is a moral virtue?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtue differs from intellectual virtue?Article. 3 - Whether virtue is adequately divided into moral and intellectual?Article. 4 - Whether there can be moral without intellectual virtue?Article. 5 - Whether there can be intellectual without moral virtue?Question. 59 - OF MORAL VIRTUE IN RELATION TO THE PASSIONS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral virtue is a passion?Article. 2 - Whether there can be moral virtue with passion?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow is compatible with moral virtue?Article. 4 - Whether all the moral virtues are about the passions?Article. 5 - Whether there can be moral virtue without passion?Question. 60 - HOW THE MORAL VIRTUES DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is only one moral virtue?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues about operations are different from those that are about passions?Article. 3 - Whether there is only one moral virtue about operations?Article. 4 - Whether there are different moral virtues about different passions?Article. 5 - Whether the moral virtues differ in point of the various objects of the passions?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues should be called cardinal or principal virtues?Article. 2 - Whether there are four cardinal virtues?Article. 3 - Whether any other virtues should be called principal rather than these?Article. 4 - Whether the four cardinal virtues differ from one another?Article. 5 - Whether the cardinal virtues are fittingly divided into social virtues, perfecting, perfect, and exemplar virtues?Article. 1 - Whether there are any theological virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the theological virtues are distinct from the intellectual and moral virtues?Article. 3 - Whether faith, hope, and charity are fittingly reckoned as theological virtues?Article. 4 - Whether faith precedes hope, and hope charity?Question. 63 - OF THE CAUSE OF VIRTUES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether virtue is in us by nature?Article. 2 - Whether any virtue is caused in us by habituation?Article. 3 - Whether any moral virtues are in us by infusion?Article. 4 - Whether virtue by habituation belongs to the same species as infused virtue?Question. 64 - OF THE MEAN OF VIRTUE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral virtues observe the mean?Article. 2 - Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, or the rational mean?Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual virtues observe the mean?Article. 4 - Whether the theological virtues observe the mean?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues are connected with one another?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues can be without charity?Article. 3 - Whether charity can be without moral virtue?Article. 4 - Whether faith and hope can be without charity?Article. 5 - Whether charity can be without faith and hope?Question. 66 - OF EQUALITY AMONG THE VIRTUES (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one virtue can be greater or less than another?Article. 2 - Whether all the virtues that are together in one man, are equal?Article. 3 - Whether the moral virtues are better than the intellectual virtues?Article. 4 - Whether justice is the chief of the moral virtues?Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is the greatest of the intellectual virtues?Article. 6 - Whether charity is the greatest of the theological virtues?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues remain after this life?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual virtues remain after this life?Article. 3 - Whether faith remains after this life?Article. 4 - Whether hope remains after death, in the state of glory?Article. 5 - Whether anything of faith or hope remains in glory?Article. 6 - Whether charity remains after this life, in glory?Question. 68 - OF THE GIFTS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the gifts are necessary to man for salvation?Article. 3 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are habits?Article. 4 - Whether the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost are suitably enumerated?Article. 5 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are connected?Article. 6 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost remain in heaven?Article. 7 - Whether the gifts are set down by Isaias in their order of dignity?Article. 8 - Whether the virtues are more excellent than the gifts?Article. 1 - Whether the beatitudes differ from the virtues and gifts?Article. 2 - Whether the rewards assigned to the beatitudes refer to this life?Article. 3 - Whether the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?Article. 4 - Whether the rewards of the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?Article. 1 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost which the Apostle enumerates (Gal. 5) are acts?Article. 2 - Whether the fruits differ from the beatitudes?Article. 3 - Whether the fruits are suitably enumerated by the Apostle?Article. 4 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost are contrary to the works of the flesh?Question. 71 - EVIL HABITS, i.e. VICES AND SINS (QQ[71]-89)Article. 1 - Whether vice is contrary to virtue?Article. 2 - Whether vice is contrary to nature?Article. 3 - Whether vice is worse than a vicious act?Article. 4 - Whether sin is compatible with virtue?Article. 5 - Whether every sin includes an action?Article. 6 - Whether sin is fittingly defined as a word, deed, or desire contrary to the eternal law?Question. 72 - OF THE DISTINCTION OF SINS (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sins differ in species according to their objects?Article. 2 - Whether spiritual sins are fittingly distinguished from carnal sins?Article. 3 - Whether sins differ specifically in reference to their causes?Article. 4 - Whether sin is fittingly divided into sin against God, against oneself, and against one's neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether the division of sins according to their debt of punishment diversifies their species?Article. 6 - Whether sins of commission and omission differ specifically?Article. 7 - Whether sins are fittingly divided into sins of thought, word, and deed?Article. 8 - Whether excess and deficiency diversify the species of sins?Article. 9 - Whether sins differ specifically in respect of different circumstances?Question. 73 - OF THE COMPARISON OF ONE SIN WITH ANOTHER (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are connected with one another?Article. 2 - Whether all sins are equal?Article. 3 - Whether the gravity of sins varies according to their objects?Article. 4 - Whether the gravity of sins depends on the excellence of the virtues to which they are opposed?Article. 5 - Whether carnal sins are of less guilt than spiritual sins?Article. 6 - Whether the gravity of a sin depends on its cause?Article. 7 - Whether a circumstance aggravates a sin?Article. 8 - Whether sin is aggravated by reason of its causing more harm?Article. 9 - Whether a sin is aggravated by reason of the condition of the person against whom it is committed?Article. 10 - Whether the excellence of the person sinning aggravates the sin?Question. 74 - OF THE SUBJECT OF SIN (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is a subject of sin?Article. 2 - Whether the will alone is the subject of sin?Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the sensuality?Article. 4 - Whether mortal sin can be in the sensuality?Article. 5 - Whether sin can be in the reason?Article. 6 - Whether the sin of morose delectation is in the reason?Article. 7 - Whether the sin of consent to the act is in the higher reason?Article. 8 - Whether consent to delectation is a mortal sin?Article. 9 - Whether there can be venial sin in the higher reason as directing the lower powers?Article. 10 - Whether venial sin can be in the higher reason as such?Article. 1 - Whether sin has a cause?Article. 2 - Whether sin has an internal cause?Article. 3 - Whether sin has an external cause?Article. 4 - Whether one sin is a cause of another?Question. 76 - OF THE CAUSES OF SIN, IN PARTICULAR (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether ignorance can be a cause of sin?Article. 2 - Whether ignorance is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether ignorance excuses from sin altogether?Article. 4 - Whether ignorance diminishes a sin?Question. 77 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, ON THE PART OF THE SENSITIVE APPETITE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by a passion of the senstive appetite?Article. 2 - Whether the reason can be overcome by a passion, against its knowledge?Article. 3 - Whether a sin committed through passion, should be called a sin of weakness?Article. 4 - Whether self-love is the source of every sin?Article. 5 - Whether concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and pride of life are fittingly described as causes of sin?Article. 6 - Whether sin is alleviated on account of a passion?Article. 7 - Whether passion excuses from sin altogether?Article. 8 - Whether a sin committed through passion can be mortal?Question. 78 - OF THAT CAUSE OF SIN WHICH IS MALICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether anyone sins through certain malice?Article. 2 - Whether everyone that sins through habit, sins through certain malice?Article. 3 - Whether one who sins through certain malice, sins through habit?Article. 4 - Whether it is more grievous to sin through certain malice than through passion?Question. 79 - OF THE EXTERNAL CAUSES OF SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is a cause of sin?Article. 2 - Whether the act of sin is from God?Article. 3 - Whether God is the cause of spiritual blindness and hardness of heart?Article. 4 - Whether blindness and hardness of heart are directed to the salvation of those who are blinded and hardened?Question. 80 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, AS REGARDS THE DEVIL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the devil is directly the cause of man's sinning?Article. 2 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin, by internal instigations?Article. 3 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin of necessity?Article. 4 - Whether all the sins of men are due to the devil's suggestion?Question. 81 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, ON THE PART OF MAN (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first sin of our first parent is contracted by his descendants, by way of origin?Article. 2 - Whether also other sins of the first parent or of nearer ancestors are transmitted to their descendants?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of the first parent is transmitted, by the way of origin, to all men?Article. 4 - Whether original sin would be contracted by a person formed miraculously from human flesh?Article. 5 - Whether if Eve, and not Adam, had sinned, their children would have contracted original sin?Article. 1 - Whether original sin is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether there are several original sins in one man?Article. 3 - Whether original sin is concupiscence?Article. 4 - Whether original sin is equally in all?Question. 83 - OF THE SUBJECT OF ORIGINAL SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether original sin is more in the flesh than in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether original sin is in the essence of the soul rather than in the powers?Article. 3 - Whether original sin infects the will before the other powers?Article. 4 - Whether the aforesaid powers are more infected than the others?Question. 84 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, IN RESPECT OF ONE SIN BEING THE CAUSE OF ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is the root of all sins?Article. 2 - Whether pride is the beginning of every sin?Article. 3 - Whether any other special sins, besides pride and avarice, should be called capital?Article. 4 - Whether the seven capital vices are suitably reckoned?Question. 85 - OF THE EFFECTS OF SIN, AND, FIRST, OF THE CORRUPTION OF THE GOOD OF NATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sin diminishes the good of nature?Article. 2 - Whether the entire good of human nature can be destroyed by sin?Article. 3 - Whether weakness, ignorance, malice and concupiscence are suitably reckoned as the wounds of nature consequent upon sin?Article. 4 - Whether privation of mode, species and order is the effect of sin?Article. 5 - Whether death and other bodily defects are the result of sin?Article. 6 - Whether death and other defects are natural to man?Article. 1 - Whether sin causes a stain on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the stain remains in the soul after the act of sin?Question. 87 - OF THE DEBT OF PUNISHMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the debt of punishment is an effect of sin?Article. 2 - Whether sin can be the punishment of sin?Article. 3 - Whether any sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?Article. 4 - Whether sin incurs a debt of punishment infinite in quantity?Article. 5 - Whether every sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?Article. 6 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after sin?Article. 7 - Whether every punishment is inflicted for a sin?Article. 8 - Whether anyone is punished for another's sin?Question. 88 - OF VENIAL AND MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin is fittingly condivided with mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether mortal and venial sin differ generically?Article. 3 - Whether venial sin is a disposition to mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether a venial sin can become mortal?Article. 5 - Whether a circumstance can make a venial sin to be mortal?Article. 6 - Whether a mortal sin can become venial?Question. 89 - OF VENIAL SIN IN ITSELF (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin causes a stain on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether venial sins are suitably designated as 'wood, hay, and stubble'?Article. 3 - Whether man could commit a venial sin in the state of innocence?Article. 4 - Whether a good or a wicked angel can sin venially?Article. 5 - Whether the first movements of the sensuality in unbelievers are mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether venial sin can be in anyone with original sin alone?Question. 90 - OF THE ESSENCE OF LAW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether law is something pertaining to reason?Article. 2 - Whether the law is always something directed to the common good?Article. 3 - Whether the reason of any man is competent to make laws?Article. 4 - Whether promulgation is essential to a law?Question. 91 - OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is an eternal law?Article. 2 - Whether there is in us a natural law?Article. 3 - Whether there is a human law?Article. 4 - Whether there was any need for a Divine law?Article. 5 - Whether there is but one Divine law?Article. 6 - Whether there is a law in the fomes of sin?Article. 1 - Whether an effect of law is to make men good?Article. 2 - Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned?Question. 93 - OF THE ETERNAL LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the eternal law is a sovereign type [*Ratio] existing in God?Article. 2 - Whether the eternal law is known to all?Article. 3 - Whether every law is derived from the eternal law?Article. 4 - Whether necessary and eternal things are subject to the eternal law?Article. 5 - Whether natural contingents are subject to the eternal law?Article. 6 - Whether all human affairs are subject to the eternal law?Question. 94 - OF THE NATURAL LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the natural law is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether the natural law contains several precepts, or only one?Article. 3 - Whether all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural law?Article. 4 - Whether the natural law is the same in all men?Article. 5 - Whether the natural law can be changed?Article. 6 - Whether the law of nature can be abolished from the heart of man?Article. 1 - Whether it was useful for laws to be framed by men?Article. 2 - Whether every human law is derived from the natural law?Article. 3 - Whether Isidore's description of the quality of positive law is appropriate?Article. 4 - Whether Isidore's division of human laws is appropriate?Question. 96 - OF THE POWER OF HUMAN LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human law should be framed for the community rather than for the individual?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to the human law to repress all vices?Article. 3 - Whether human law prescribes acts of all the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether human law binds a man in conscience?Article. 5 - Whether all are subject to the law?Article. 6 - Whether he who is under a law may act beside the letter of the law?Question. 97 - OF CHANGE IN LAWS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human law should be changed in any way?Article. 2 - Whether human law should always be changed, whenever something better occurs?Article. 3 - Whether custom can obtain force of law?Article. 4 - Whether the rulers of the people can dispense from human laws?Question. 98 - OF THE OLD LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law was good?Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law was from God?Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law was given through the angels?Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law should have been given to the Jews alone?Article. 5 - Whether all men were bound to observe the Old Law?Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law was suitably given at the time of Moses?Question. 99 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF THE OLD LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law contains only one precept?Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law contains moral precepts?Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law comprises ceremonial, besides moral, precepts?Article. 4 - Whether, besides the moral and ceremonial precepts, there are also judicial precepts?Article. 5 - Whether the Old Law contains any others besides the moral, judicial, and ceremonial precepts?Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law should have induced men to the observance of its precepts, by means of temporal promises and threats?Question. 100 - OF THE MORAL PRECEPTS OF THE OLD LAW (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law belong to the law of nature?Article. 2 - Whether the moral precepts of the Law are about all the acts of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law are reducible to the ten precepts of the decalogue?Article. 4 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably distinguished from one another?Article. 5 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably set forth?Article. 6 - Whether the ten precepts of the decalogue are set in proper order?Article. 7 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably formulated?Article. 8 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are dispensable?Article. 9 - Whether the mode of virtue falls under the precept of the law?Article. 10 - Whether the mode of charity falls under the precept of the Divine law?Article. 11 - Whether it is right to distinguish other moral precepts of the law besides the decalogue?Article. 12 - Whether the moral precepts of the Old Law justified man?Article. 1 - Whether the nature of the ceremonial precepts consists in their pertaining to the worship of God?Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts are figurative?Article. 3 - Whether there should have been man ceremonial precepts?Article. 4 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law are suitably divided into sacrifices, sacred things, sacraments, and observances?Question. 102 - OF THE CAUSES OF THE CEREMONIAL PRECEPTS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was any cause for the ceremonial precepts?Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts have a literal cause or merely a figurative cause?Article. 3 - Whether a suitable cause can be assigned for the ceremonies which pertained to sacrifices?Article. 4 - Whether sufficient reason can be assigned for the ceremonies pertaining to holy things?Article. 5 - Whether there can be any suitable cause for the sacraments of the Old Law?Article. 6 - Whether there was any reasonable cause for the ceremonial observances?Question. 103 - OF THE DURATION OF THE CEREMONIAL PRECEPTS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the ceremonies of the Law were in existence before the Law?Article. 2 - Whether, at the time of the Law, the ceremonies of the Old Law had any power of justification?Article. 3 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law ceased at the coming of Christ?Article. 4 - Whether since Christ's Passion the legal ceremonies can be observed without committing mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether the judicial precepts were those which directed man in relation to his neighbor?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were figurative?Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts of the Old Law bind for ever?Article. 4 - Whether it is possible to assign a distinct division of the judicial precepts?Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law enjoined fitting precepts concerning rulers?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were suitably framed as to the relations of one man with another?Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts regarding foreigners were framed in a suitable manner?Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law set forth suitable precepts about the members of the household?Question. 106 - OF THE LAW OF THE GOSPEL, CALLED THE NEW LAW, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is a written law?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law justifies?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law should have been given from the beginning of the world?Article. 4 - Whether the New Law will last till the end of the world?Question. 107 - OF THE NEW LAW AS COMPARED WITH THE OLD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is distinct from the Old Law?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law fulfils the Old?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law is contained in the Old?Article. 4 - Whether the New Law is more burdensome than the Old?Question. 108 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE CONTAINED IN THE NEW LAW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law ought to prescribe or prohibit any external acts?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law made sufficient ordinations about external acts?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law directed man sufficiently as regards interior actions?Article. 4 - Whether certain definite counsels are fittingly proposed in the New Law?Question. 109 - OF THE NECESSITY OF GRACE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether without grace man can know any truth?Article. 2 - Whether man can wish or do any good without grace?Article. 3 - Whether by his own natural powers and without grace man can love God above all things?Article. 4 - Whether man without grace and by his own natural powers can fulfil the commandments of the Law?Article. 5 - Whether man can merit everlasting life without grace?Article. 6 - Whether a man, by himself and without the external aid of grace, can prepare himself for grace?Article. 7 - Whether man can rise from sin without the help of grace?Article. 8 - Whether man without grace can avoid sin?Article. 9 - Whether one who has already obtained grace, can, of himself and without further help of grace, do good and avoid sin?Article. 10 - Whether man possessed of grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere?Article. 1 - Whether grace implies anything in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether grace is a quality of the soul?Article. 3 - Whether grace is the same as virtue?Article. 4 - Whether grace is in the essence of the soul as in a subject, or in one of the powers?Question. 111 - OF THE DIVISION OF GRACE (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into sanctifying grace and gratuitous grace?Article. 2 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into operating and cooperating grace?Article. 3 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into prevenient and subsequent grace?Article. 4 - Whether gratuitous grace is rightly divided by the Apostle?Article. 5 - Whether gratuitous grace is nobler than sanctifying grace?Question. 112 - OF THE CAUSE OF GRACE (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God alone is the cause of grace?Article. 2 - Whether any preparation and disposition for grace is required on man's part?Article. 3 - Whether grace is necessarily given to whoever prepares himself for it, or to whoever does what he can?Article. 4 - Whether grace is greater in one than in another?Article. 5 - Whether man can know that he has grace?Question. 113 - OF THE EFFECTS OF GRACE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins?Article. 2 - Whether the infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, i.e. for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 3 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly is required a movement of the free-will?Article. 4 - Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 5 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly there is required a movement of the free-will towards sin?Article. 6 - Whether the remission of sins ought to be reckoned amongst the things required for justification?Article. 7 - Whether the justification of the ungodly takes place in an instant or successively?Article. 8 - Whether the infusion of grace is naturally the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 9 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is God's greatest work?Article. 10 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miraculous work?Question. 114 - OF MERIT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man may merit anything from God?Article. 2 - Whether anyone without grace can merit eternal life?Article. 3 - Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly?Article. 4 - Whether grace is the principle of merit through charity rather than the other virtues?Article. 5 - Whether a man may merit for himself the first grace?Article. 6 - Whether a man can merit the first grace for another?Article. 7 - Whether a man may merit restoration after a fall?Article. 8 - Whether a man may merit the increase of grace or charity?Article. 9 - Whether a man may merit perseverance?Article. 10 - Whether temporal goods fall under merit?Question. 1 - Of Faith (Ten Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the object of faith is the First Truth?Article. 2 - Whether the object of faith is something complex, by way of a proposition?Article. 3 - Whether anything false can come under faith?Article. 4 - Whether the object of faith can be something seen?Article. 5 - Whether those things that are of faith can be an object of science [*Science is certain knowledge of a demonstrated conclusion through its demonstration]?Article. 6 - Whether those things that are of faith should be divided into certain articles?Article. 7 - Whether the articles of faith have increased in course of time?Article. 8 - Whether the articles of faith are suitably formulated?Article. 9 - Whether it is suitable for the articles of faith to be embodied in a symbol?Article. 10 - Whether it belongs to the Sovereign Pontiff to draw up a symbol of faith?Question. 2 - OF THE ACT OF FAITH (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to believe is to think with assent?Article. 2 - Whether the act of faith is suitably distinguished as believing God, believing in a God and believing in God?Article. 3 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe anything above the natural reason?Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary to believe those things which can be proved by natural reason?Article. 5 - Whether man is bound to believe anything explicitly?Article. 6 - Whether all are equally bound to have explicit faith?Article. 7 - Whether it is necessary for the salvation of all, that they should believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ?Article. 8 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe explicitly in the Trinity?Article. 9 - Whether to believe is meritorious?Article. 10 - Whether reasons in support of what we believe lessen the merit of faith?Article. 1 - Whether confession is an act of faith?Article. 2 - Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation?Question. 4 - OF THE VIRTUE ITSELF OF FAITH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is a fitting definition of faith: 'Faith is the substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of things that appear not?'Article. 2 - Whether faith resides in the intellect?Article. 3 - Whether charity is the form of faith?Article. 4 - Whether lifeless faith can become living, or living faith, lifeless?Article. 5 - Whether faith is a virtue?Article. 6 - Whether faith is one virtue?Article. 7 - Whether faith is the first of the virtues?Article. 8 - Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues?Question. 5 - OF THOSE WHO HAVE FAITH (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was faith in the angels, or in man, in their original state?Article. 2 - Whether in the demons there is faith?Article. 3 - Whether a man who disbelieves one article of faith, can have lifeless faith in the other articles?Article. 4 - Whether faith can be greater in one man than in another?Article. 1 - Whether faith is infused into man by God?Article. 2 - Whether lifeless faith is a gift of God?Article. 1 - Whether fear is an effect of faith?Article. 2 - Whether faith has the effect of purifying the heart?Question. 8 - OF THE GIFT OF UNDERSTANDING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether understanding is a gift of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of understanding is compatible with faith?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of understanding is merely speculative or also practical?Article. 4 - Whether the gift of understanding is in all who are in a state of grace?Article. 5 - Whether the gift of understanding is found also in those who have not sanctifying grace?Article. 6 - Whether the gift of understanding is distinct from the other gifts?Article. 7 - Whether the sixth beatitude, 'Blessed are the clean of heart,' etc., responds to the gift of understanding?Article. 8 - Whether faith, among the fruits, responds to the gift of understanding?Article. 1 - Whether knowledge is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of knowledge is about Divine things?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of knowledge is practical knowledge?Article. 4 - Whether the third beatitude, 'Blessed are they that mourn,' etc. corresponds to the gift of knowledge?Question. 10 - OF UNBELIEF IN GENERAL (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether unbelief is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether unbelief is in the intellect as its subject?Article. 3 - Whether unbelief is the greatest of sin?Article. 4 - Whether every act of an unbeliever is a sin?Article. 5 - Whether there are several species of unbelief?Article. 6 - Whether the unbelief of pagans or heathens is graver than other kinds?Article. 7 - Whether one ought to dispute with unbelievers in public?Article. 8 - Whether unbelievers ought to be compelled to the faith?Article. 9 - Whether it is lawful to communicate with unbelievers?Article. 10 - Whether unbelievers may have authority or dominion over the faithful?Article. 11 - Whether the rites of unbelievers ought to be tolerated?Article. 12 - Whether the children of Jews and other unbelievers ought to be baptized against their parents' will?Article. 1 - Whether heresy is a species of unbelief?Article. 2 - Whether heresy is properly about matters of faith?Article. 3 - Whether heretics ought to be tolerated?Article. 4 - Whether the Church should receive those who return from heresy?Article. 1 - Whether apostasy pertains to unbelief?Article. 2 - Whether a prince forfeits his dominion over his subjects, on account of apostasy from the faith, so that they no longer owe him allegiance?Question. 13 - OF THE SIN OF BLASPHEMY, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether blasphemy is opposed to the confession of faith?Article. 2 - Whether blasphemy is always a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of blasphemy is the greatest sin?Article. 4 - Whether the damned blaspheme?Question. 14 - OF BLASPHEMY AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost is the same as the sin committed through certain malice?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting to distinguish six kinds of sin against the Holy Ghost?Article. 3 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost can be forgiven?Article. 4 - Whether a man can sin first of all against the Holy Ghost?Question. 15 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether blindness of mind is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether dulness of sense is a sin distinct from blindness of mind?Article. 3 - Whether blindness of mind and dulness of sense arise from sins of the flesh?Article. 1 - Whether in the Old Law there should have been given precepts of faith?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts referring to knowledge and understanding were fittingly set down in the Old Law?Question. 17 - Of Hope, Considered in Itself (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether hope is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether eternal happiness is the proper object of hope?Article. 3 - Whether one man may hope for another's eternal happiness?Article. 4 - Whether a man can lawfully hope in man?Article. 5 - Whether hope is a theological virtue?Article. 6 - Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues?Article. 7 - Whether hope precedes faith?Article. 8 - Whether charity precedes hope?Article. 1 - Whether hope is in the will as its subject?Article. 2 - Whether in the blessed there is hope?Article. 3 - Whether hope is in the damned?Article. 4 - Whether there is certainty in the hope of a wayfarer?Question. 19 - OF THE GIFT OF FEAR (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God can be feared?Article. 2 - Whether fear is fittingly divided into filial, initial, servile and worldly fear?Article. 3 - Whether worldly fear is always evil?Article. 4 - Whether servile fear is good?Article. 5 - Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear?Article. 6 - Whether servile fear remains with charity?Article. 7 - Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom?Article. 8 - Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear?Article. 9 - Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Ghost?Article. 10 - Whether fear decreases when charity increases?Article. 11 - Whether fear remains in heaven?Article. 12 - Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude corresponding to the gift of fear?Article. 1 - Whether despair is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether there can be despair without unbelief?Article. 3 - Whether despair is the greatest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether despair arises from sloth?Article. 1 - Whether presumption trusts in God or in our own power?Article. 2 - Whether presumption is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether presumption is more opposed to fear than to hope?Article. 4 - Whether presumption arises from vainglory?Article. 1 - Whether there should be a precept of hope?Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given a precept of fear?Question. 23 - Of Charity, Considered In Itself (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether charity is friendship?Article. 2 - Whether charity is something created in the soul?Article. 3 - Whether charity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether charity is a special virtue?Article. 5 - Whether charity is one virtue?Article. 6 - Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues?Article. 7 - Whether any true virtue is possible without charity?Article. 8 - Whether charity is the form of the virtues?Question. 24 - OF THE SUBJECT OF CHARITY (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is the subject of charity?Article. 2 - Whether charity is caused in us by infusion?Article. 3 - Whether charity is infused according to the capacity of our natural gifts?Article. 4 - Whether charity can increase?Article. 5 - Whether charity increases by addition?Article. 6 - Whether charity increases through every act of charity?Article. 7 - Whether charity increases indefinitely?Article. 8 - Whether charity can be perfect in this life?Article. 9 - Whether charity is rightly distinguished into three degrees, beginning, progress, and perfection?Article. 10 - Whether charity can decrease?Article. 11 - Whether we can lose charity when once we have it?Article. 12 - Whether charity is lost through one mortal sin?Question. 25 - OF THE OBJECT OF CHARITY (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the love of charity stops at God, or extends to our neighbor?Article. 2 - Whether we should love charity out of charity?Article. 3 - Whether irrational creatures also ought to be loved out of charity?Article. 4 - Whether a man ought to love himself out of charity?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to love his body out of charity?Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love sinners out of charity?Article. 7 - Whether sinners love themselves?Article. 8 - Whether charity requires that we should love our enemies?Article. 9 - Whether it is necessary for salvation that we should show our enemies the signs and effects of love?Article. 10 - Whether we ought to love the angels out of charity?Article. 11 - Whether we are bound to love the demons out of charity?Article. 12 - Whether four things are rightly reckoned as to be loved out of charity, viz. God, our neighbor, our body and ourselves?Question. 26 - OF THE ORDER OF CHARITY (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is order in charity?Article. 2 - Whether God ought to be loved more than our neighbor?Article. 3 - Whether out of charity, man is bound to love God more than himself?Article. 4 - Whether our of charity, man ought to love himself more than his neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to love his neighbor more than his own body?Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love one neighbor more than another?Article. 7 - Whether we ought to love those who are better more those who are more closely united us?Article. 8 - Whether we ought to love more those who are connected with us by ties of blood?Article. 9 - Whether a man ought, out of charity, to love his children more than his father?Article. 10 - Whether a man ought to love his mother more than his father?Article. 11 - Whether a man ought to love his wife more than his father and mother?Article. 12 - Whether a man ought to love more his benefactor than one he has benefited?Article. 13 - Whether the order of charity endures in heaven?Question. 27 - OF THE PRINCIPLE ACT OF CHARITY, WHICH IS TO LOVE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to be loved is more proper to charity than to love?Article. 2 - Whether to love considered as an act of charity is the same as goodwill?Article. 3 - Whether out of charity God ought to be loved for Himself?Article. 4 - Whether God can be loved immediately in this life?Article. 5 - Whether God can be loved wholly? [*Cf. Q[184], A[2]]Article. 6 - Whether in loving God we ought to observe any mode?Article. 7 - Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than to love a friend?Article. 8 - Whether it is more meritorious to love one's neighbor than to love God?Question. 28 - OF JOY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether joy is effected in us by charity?Article. 2 - Whether the spiritual joy, which results from charity, is compatible with an admixture of sorrow?Article. 3 - Whether the spiritual joy which proceeds from charity, can be filled?Article. 4 - Whether joy is a virtue?Article. 1 - Whether peace is the same as concord?Article. 2 - Whether all things desire peace?Article. 3 - Whether peace is the proper effect of charity?Article. 4 - Whether peace is a virtue?Article. 1 - Whether evil is properly the motive of mercy?Article. 2 - Whether the reason for taking pity is a defect in the person who pities?Article. 3 - Whether mercy is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether mercy is the greatest of the virtues?Question. 31 - OF BENEFICENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether beneficence is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether we ought to do good to all?Article. 3 - Whether we ought to do good to those rather who are more closely united to us?Article. 4 - Whether beneficence is a special virtue?Question. 32 - OF ALMSDEEDS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether almsgiving is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether the different kinds of almsdeeds are suitably enumerated?Article. 3 - Whether corporal alms are of more account than spiritual alms?Article. 4 - Whether corporal almsdeeds have a spiritual effect?Article. 5 - Whether almsgiving is a matter of precept?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to give alms out of what one needs?Article. 7 - Whether one may give alms out of ill-gotten goods?Article. 8 - Whether one who is under another's power can give alms?Article. 9 - Whether one ought to give alms to those rather who are more closely united to us?Article. 10 - Whether alms should be given in abundance?Question. 33 - OF FRATERNAL CORRECTION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fraternal correction is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether fraternal correction is a matter of precept?Article. 3 - Whether fraternal correction belongs only to prelates?Article. 4 - Whether a mann is bound to correct his prelate?Article. 5 - Whether a sinner ought to reprove a wrongdoer?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to forbear from correcting someone, through fear lest he become worse?Article. 7 - Whether the precept of fraternal correction demands that a private admonition should precede denunciation?Article. 8 - Whether before the public denunciation witnesses ought to be brought forward?Question. 34 - OF HATRED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is possible for anyone to hate God?Article. 2 - Whether hatred of God is the greatest of sins?Article. 3 - Whether hatred of one's neighbor is always a sin?Article. 4 - Whether hatred of our neighbor is the most grievous sin against our neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether hatred is a capital sin?Article. 6 - Whether hatred arises from envy?Question. 35 - OF SLOTH (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sloth is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether sloth is a special vice?Article. 3 - Whether sloth is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether sloth should be accounted a capital vice?Article. 1 - Whether envy is a kind of sorrow?Article. 2 - Whether envy is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether envy is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether envy is a capital vice?Question. 37 - OF DISCORD, WHICH IS CONTRARY TO PEACE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether discord is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether discord is a daughter of vainglory?Article. 1 - Whether contention is a mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether contention is a daughter of vainglory?Question. 39 - OF SCHISM (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether schism is a special sin?Article. 2 - Whether schism is a graver sin than unbelief?Article. 3 - Whether schismatics have any power?Article. 4 - Whether it is right that schismatics should be punished with excommunication?Article. 1 - Whether it is always sinful to wage war?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for clerics and bishops to fight?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to lay ambushes in war?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to fight on holy days?Article. 1 - Whether strife is always a sin?Article. 2 - Whether strife is a daughter of anger?Article. 1 - Whether sedition is a special sin distinct from other sins?Article. 2 - Whether sedition is always a mortal sin?Question. 43 - OF SCANDAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether scandal is fittingly defined as being something less rightly said or done that occasions spiritual downfall?Article. 2 - Whether scandal is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether scandal is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether scandal is a mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether passive scandal may happen even to the perfect?Article. 6 - Whether active scandal can be found in the perfect?Article. 7 - Whether spiritual goods should be foregone on account of scandal?Article. 8 - Whether temporal goods should be foregone on account of scandal?Question. 44 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF CHARITY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any precept should be given about charity?Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given two precepts of charity?Article. 3 - Whether two precepts of charity suffice?Article. 4 - Whether it is fittingly commanded that man should love God with his whole heart?Article. 5 - Whether to the words, 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart,' it was fitting to add 'and with thy whole soul, and with thy whole strength'?Article. 6 - Whether it is possible in this life to fulfil this precept of the love of God?Article. 7 - Whether the precept of love of our neighbor is fittingly expressed?Article. 8 - Whether the order of charity is included in the precept?Question. 45 - OF THE GIFT OF WISDOM (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether wisdom should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether wisdom is in the intellect as its subject?Article. 3 - Whether wisdom is merely speculative, or practical also?Article. 4 - Whether wisdom can be without grace, and with mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is in all who have grace?Article. 6 - Whether the seventh beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom?Article. 1 - Whether folly is contrary to wisdom?Article. 2 - Whether folly is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether folly is a daughter of lust?Question. 47 - Of Prudence, Considered In Itself (Sixteen Articles)Article. 1 - Whether prudence is in the cognitive or in the appetitive faculty?Article. 2 - Whether prudence belongs to the practical reason alone or also to the speculative reason?Article. 3 - Whether prudence takes cognizance of singulars?Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a virtue?Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a special virtue?Article. 6 - Whether prudence appoints the end to moral virtues?Article. 7 - Whether it belongs to prudence to find the mean in moral virtues?Article. 8 - Whether command is the chief act of prudence?Article. 9 - Whether solicitude belongs to prudence?Article. 10 - Whether solicitude belongs to prudence?Article. 11 - Whether prudence about one's own good is specifically the same as that which extends to the common good?Article. 12 - Whether prudence is in subjects, or only in their rulers?Article. 13 - Whether prudence can be in sinners?Article. 14 - Whether prudence is in all who have grace?Article. 15 - Whether prudence is in us by nature?Article. 16 - Whether prudence can be lost through forgetfulness?Article. 1 - Whether three parts of prudence are fittingly assigned?Article. 1 - Whether memory is a part of prudence?Article. 2 - Whether understanding* is a part of prudence? [*Otherwise intuition; Aristotle's word is {nous}]Article. 3 - Whether docility should be accounted a part of prudence?Article. 4 - Whether shrewdness is part of prudence?Article. 5 - Whether reason should be reckoned a part of prudence?Article. 6 - Whether foresight* should be accounted a part of prudence? [*'Providentia,' which may be translated either 'providence' or 'foresight.']Article. 7 - Whether circumspection can be a part of prudence?Article. 8 - Whether caution should be reckoned a part of prudence?Question. 50 - OF THE SUBJECTIVE PARTS OF PRUDENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a species of prudence is regnative?Article. 2 - Whether political prudence is fittingly accounted a part of prudence?Article. 3 - Whether a part of prudence should be reckoned to be domestic?Article. 4 - Whether military prudence should be reckoned a part of prudence?Question. 51 - OF THE VIRTUES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH PRUDENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a special virtue, distinct from prudence?Article. 3 - Whether {synesis} (judging well according to common law) is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether {gnome} (judging well according to general law) is a special virtue?Question. 52 - OF THE GIFT OF COUNSEL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether counsel should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of counsel corresponds to the virtue of prudence?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of counsel remains in heaven?Article. 4 - Whether the fifth beatitude, which is that of mercy, corresponds to the gift of counsel?Question. 53 - OF IMPRUDENCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether imprudence is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether imprudence is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether precipitation is a sin included in imprudence?Article. 4 - Whether thoughtlessness is a special sin included in prudence?Article. 5 - Whether inconstancy is a vice contained under prudence?Article. 6 - Whether the aforesaid vices arise from lust?Article. 1 - Whether negligence is a special sin?Article. 2 - Whether negligence is opposed to prudence?Article. 3 - Whether negligence can be a mortal sin?Question. 55 - OF VICES OPPOSED TO PRUDENCE BY WAY OF RESEMBLANCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether craftiness is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether guile is a sin pertaining to craftiness?Article. 5 - Whether fraud pertains to craftiness?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to be solicitous about temporal matters?Article. 7 - Whether we should be solicitous about the future?Article. 8 - Whether these vices arise from covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue should have included a precept of prudence?Article. 2 - Whether the prohibitive precepts relating to the vices opposed to prudence are fittingly propounded in the Old Law?Question. 57 - Of Right (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether right is the object of justice?Article. 2 - Whether right is fittingly divided into natural right and positive right?Article. 3 - Whether the right of nations is the same as the natural right?Article. 4 - Whether paternal right and right of dominion should be distinguished as special species?Question. 58 - OF JUSTICE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether justice is fittingly defined as being the perpetual and constant will to render to each one his right?Article. 2 - Whether justice is always towards one another?Article. 3 - Whether justice is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether justice is in the will as its subject?Article. 5 - Whether justice is a general virtue?Article. 6 - Whether justice, as a general virtue, is essentially the same as all virtue?Article. 7 - Whether there is a particular besides a general justice?Article. 8 - Whether particular justice has a special matter?Article. 9 - Whether justice is about the passions?Article. 10 - Whether the mean of justice is the real mean?Article. 11 - Whether the act of justice is to render to each one his own?Article. 12 - Whether justice stands foremost among all moral virtues?Article. 1 - Whether injustice is a special virtue?Article. 2 - Whether a man is called unjust through doing an unjust thing?Article. 3 - Whether we can suffer injustice willingly?Article. 4 - Whether whoever does an injustice sins mortally?Question. 60 - OF JUDGMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether judgment is an act of justice?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to judge?Article. 3 - Whether it is unlawful to form a judgment from suspicions?Article. 4 - Whether doubts should be interpreted for the best?Article. 5 - Whether we should always judge according to the written law?Article. 6 - Whether judgment is rendered perverse by being usurped?Question. 61 - OF THE PARTS OF JUSTICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether two species of justice are suitably assigned, viz. commutative and distributive?Article. 2 - Whether the mean is to be observed in the same way in distributive as in commutative justice?Article. 3 - Whether there is a different matter for both kinds of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the just is absolutely the same as retaliation?Question. 62 - OF RESTITUTION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether restitution is an act of commutative justice?Article. 2 - Whether restitution of what has been taken away is necessary for salvation?Article. 3 - Whether it suffices to restore the exact amount taken?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to restore what he has not taken?Article. 5 - Whether restitution must always be made to the person from whom a thing has been taken?Article. 6 - Whether he that has taken a thing is always bound to restitution?Article. 7 - Whether restitution is binding on those who have not taken?Article. 8 - Whether a man is bound to immediate restitution, or may he put it off?Question. 63 - VICES OPPOSED TO DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE (Q[63])Article. 1 - Whether respect of persons is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether respect of persons takes place in the dispensation of spiritual goods?Article. 3 - Whether respect of persons takes place in showing honor and respect?Article. 4 - Whether the sin of respect of persons takes place in judicial sentences?Question. 64 - Of Murder (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether it is unlawful to kill any living thing?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to kill sinners?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for a private individual to kill a man who has sinned?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for clerics to kill evil-doers?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to kill oneself?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to kill the innocent?Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to kill a man in self-defense?Article. 1 - Whether in some cases it may be lawful to maim anyone?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for parents to strike their children, or masters their slaves?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to imprison a man?Article. 4 - Whether the sin is aggravated by the fact that the aforesaid injuries are perpetrated on those who are connected with others?Question. 66 - OF THEFT AND ROBBERY (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is natural for man to possess external things?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to possess a thing as his own?Article. 3 - Whether the essence of theft consists in taking another's thing secretly?Article. 4 - Whether theft and robbery are sins of different species?Article. 5 - Whether theft is always a sin?Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to steal through stress of need?Article. 8 - Whether robbery may be committed without sin?Article. 9 - Whether theft is a more grievous sin than robbery?Question. 67 - OF THE INJUSTICE OF A JUDGE, IN JUDGING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man can justly judge one who is not subject to his jurisdiction?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a judge to pronounce judgment against the truth that he knows, on account of evidence to the contrary?Article. 3 - Whether a judge may condemn a man who is not accused?Article. 4 - Whether the judge can lawfully remit the punishment?Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to accuse?Article. 2 - Whether it is necessary for the accusation to be made in writing?Article. 3 - Whether an accusation is rendered unjust by calumny, collusion or evasion?Article. 4 - Whether an accuser who fails to prove his indictment is bound to the punishment of retaliation?Question. 69 - OF SINS COMMITTED AGAINST JUSTICE ON THE PART OF THE DEFENDANT (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one can, without a mortal sin, deny the truth which would lead to one's condemnation?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to defend himself with calumnies?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to escape judgment by appealing?Article. 4 - Whether a man who is condemned to death may lawfully defend himself if he can?Question. 70 - OF INJUSTICE WITH REGARD TO THE PERSON OF THE WITNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to give evidence?Article. 2 - Whether the evidence of two or three persons suffices?Article. 3 - Whether a man's evidence can be rejected without any fault of his?Article. 4 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to give false evidence?Question. 71 - OF INJUSTICE IN JUDGMENT ON THE PART OF COUNSEL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an advocate is bound to defend the suits of the poor?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the law should debar certain persons from the office of advocate?Article. 3 - Whether an advocate sins by defending an unjust cause?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for an advocate to take a fee for pleading?Article. 1 - Whether reviling consists in words?Article. 2 - Whether reviling or railing is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether one ought to suffer oneself to be reviled?Article. 4 - Whether reviling arises from anger?Article. 1 - Whether backbiting is suitably defined as the blackening of another's character by secret words?Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether backbiting is the gravest of all sins committed against one's neighbor?Article. 4 - Whether it is a grave sin for the listener to suffer the backbiter?Article. 1 - Whether tale-bearing is a sin distinct from backbiting?Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a graver sin than tale-bearing?Article. 1 - Whether derision is a special sin distinct from those already mentioned?Article. 2 - Whether derision can be a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to curse anyone?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to curse an irrational creature?Article. 3 - Whether cursing is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether cursing is a graver sin than backbiting?Question. 77 - (D) BY SINS COMMITTED IN BUYING AND SELLING (Q[77])Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to sell a thing for more than its worth?Article. 2 - Whether a sale is rendered unlawful through a fault in the thing sold?Article. 3 - Whether the seller is bound to state the defects of the thing sold?Article. 4 - Whether, in trading, it is lawful to sell a thing at a higher price than what was paid for it?Question. 78 - (E) BY SINS COMMITTED IN LOANS (Q[78])Article. 1 - Whether it is a sin to take usury for money lent?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to ask for any other kind of consideration for money lent?Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to restore whatever profits he has made out of money gotten by usury?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to borrow money under a condition of usury?Question. 79 - OF THE QUASI-INTEGRAL PARTS OF JUSTICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to decline from evil and to do good are parts of justice?Article. 2 - Whether transgression is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether omission is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether a sin of omission is more grievous than a sin of transgression?Article. 1 - Whether the virtues annexed to justice are suitably enumerated?Question. 81 - OF RELIGION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether religion directs man to God alone?Article. 2 - Whether religion is a virtue?Article. 3 - Whether religion is one virtue?Article. 4 - Whether religion is a special virtue, distinct from the others?Article. 5 - Whether religion is a theological virtue?Article. 6 - Whether religion should be preferred to the other moral virtues?Article. 7 - Whether religion has an external act?Article. 8 - Whether religion is the same as sanctity?Question. 82 - OF DEVOTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether devotion is a special act?Article. 2 - Whether devotion is an act of religion?Article. 3 - Whether contemplation or meditation is the cause of devotion?Article. 4 - Whether joy is an effect of devotion?Question. 83 - OF PRAYER (SEVENTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prayer is an act of the appetitive power?Article. 2 - Whether it is becoming to pray?Article. 3 - Whether prayer is an act of religion?Article. 4 - Whether we ought to pray to God alone?Article. 5 - Whether we ought to ask for something definite when we pray?Article. 6 - Whether man ought to ask God for temporal things when he prays?Article. 7 - Whether we ought to pray for others?Article. 8 - Whether we ought to pray for our enemies?Article. 9 - Whether the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer are fittingly assigned?Article. 10 - Whether prayer is proper to the rational creature?Article. 11 - Whether the saints in heaven pray for us?Article. 12 - Whether prayer should be vocal?Article. 13 - Whether attention is a necessary condition of prayer?Article. 14 - Whether prayer should last a long time?Article. 15 - Whether prayer is meritorious?Article. 16 - Whether sinners impetrate anything from God by their prayers?Article. 17 - Whether the parts of prayer are fittingly described as supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings?Question. 84 - OF ADORATION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether adoration is an act of latria or religion?Article. 2 - Whether adoration denotes an action of the body?Article. 3 - Whether adoration requires a definite place?Question. 85 - OF SACRIFICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether offering a sacrifice to God is of the law of nature?Article. 2 - Whether sacrifice should be offered to God alone?Article. 3 - Whether the offering of sacrifice is a special act of virtue?Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to offer sacrifices?Article. 1 - Whether men are under a necessity of precept to make oblations?Article. 2 - Whether oblations are due to priests alone?Article. 3 - Whether a man may make oblations of whatever he lawfully possesses?Article. 4 - Whether men are bound to pay first-fruits?Article. 1 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes under a necessity of precept?Article. 2 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes of all things?Article. 3 - Whether tithes should be paid to the clergy?Article. 4 - Whether the clergy also are bound to pay tithes?Question. 88 - SERVICE BY PROMISE (Q[88])Article. 1 - Whether a vow consists in a mere purpose of the will?Article. 2 - Whether a vow should always be about a better good?Article. 3 - Whether all vows are binding?Article. 4 - Whether it is expedient to take vows?Article. 5 - Whether a vow is an act of latria or religion?Article. 6 - Whether it is more praiseworthy and meritorious to do something in fulfilment of a vow, than without a vow?Article. 7 - Whether a vow is solemnized by the reception of holy orders, and by the profession of a certain rule?Article. 8 - Whether those who are subject to another's power are hindered from taking vows?Article. 9 - Whether children can bind themselves by vow to enter religion?Article. 10 - Whether vows admit of dispensation?Article. 11 - Whether it is possible to be dispensed from a solemn vow of continency?Article. 12 - Whether the authority of a prelate is required for commutation or the dispensation of a vow?Question. 89 - OF OATHS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to swear is to call God to witness?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to swear?Article. 3 - Whether three accompanying conditions of an oath are suitably assigned, namely, justice, judgment, and truth?Article. 4 - Whether an oath is an act of religion or latria?Article. 5 - Whether oaths are desirable and to be used frequently as something useful and good?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to swear by creatures?Article. 7 - Whether an oath has a binding force?Article. 8 - Whether an oath is more binding than a vow?Article. 9 - Whether anyone can dispense from an oath?Article. 10 - Whether an oath is voided by a condition of person or time?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to adjure a man?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to adjure the demons?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to adjure an irrational creature?Question. 91 - OF TAKING THE DIVINE NAME FOR THE PURPOSE OF INVOKING IT BY MEANS OF PRAISE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God should be praised with the lips?Article. 2 - Whether God should be praised with song?Question. 92 - OF SUPERSTITION (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether superstition is a vice contrary to religion?Article. 2 - Whether there are various species of superstition?Question. 93 - OF SUPERSTITION CONSISTING IN UNDUE WORSHIP OF THE TRUE GOD (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there can be anything pernicious in the worship of the true God?Article. 2 - Whether there can be any excess in the worship of God?Article. 1 - Whether idolatry is rightly reckoned a species of superstition?Article. 2 - Whether idolatry is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether idolatry is the gravest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the cause of idolatry was on the part of man?Question. 95 - OF SUPERSTITION IN DIVINATIONS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether divination is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether divination is a species of superstition?Article. 3 - Whether we ought to distinguish several species of divination?Article. 4 - Whether divination practiced by invoking the demons is unlawful?Article. 5 - Whether divination by the stars is unlawful?Article. 6 - Whether divination by dreams is unlawful?Article. 7 - Whether divination by auguries, omens, and by like observations of external things is unlawful?Article. 8 - Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful?Article. 1 - Whether it be unlawful to practice the observances of the magic art?Article. 2 - Whether observances directed to the alteration of bodies, as for the purpose of acquiring health or the like, are unlawful?Article. 3 - Whether observances directed to the purpose of fortune-telling are unlawful?Article. 4 - Whether it is unlawful to wear divine words at the neck?Question. 97 - OF THE TEMPTATION OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the temptation of God consists in certain deeds, wherein the expected result is ascribed to the power of God alone?Article. 2 - Whether it is a sin to tempt God?Article. 3 - Whether temptation of God is opposed to the virtue of religion?Article. 4 - Whether the temptation of God is a graver sin than superstition?Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary for perjury that the statement confirmed on oath be false?Article. 2 - Whether all perjury is sinful?Article. 3 - Whether all perjury is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether he sins who demands an oath of a perjurer?Article. 1 - Whether sacrilege is the violation of a sacred thing?Article. 2 - Whether sacrilege is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether the species of sacrilege are distinguished according to the sacred things?Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of sacrilege should be pecuniary?Question. 100 - ON SIMONY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether simony is an intentional will to buy or sell something spiritual or connected with a spiritual thing?Article. 2 - Whether it is always unlawful to give money for the sacraments?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to give and receive money for spiritual actions?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to receive money for things annexed to spiritual things?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to grant spiritual things in return for an equivalent of service, or for an oral remuneration?Article. 6 - Whether those who are guilty of simony are fittingly punished by being deprived of what they have acquired by simony?Question. 101 - OF PIETY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether piety extends to particular human individuals?Article. 2 - Whether piety provides support for our parents?Article. 3 - Whether piety is a special virtue distinct from other virtues?Article. 4 - Whether the duties of piety towards one's parents should be omitted for the sake of religion?Article. 1 - Whether observance is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to observance to pay worship and honor to those who are in positions of dignity?Article. 3 - Whether observance is a greater virtue than piety?Question. 103 - OF DULIA (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether honor denotes something corporal?Article. 2 - Whether honor is properly due to those who are above us?Whether dulia is a special virtue distinct from latria?Article. 4 - Whether dulia has various species?Question. 104 - OF OBEDIENCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one man is bound to obey another?Article. 2 - Whether obedience is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether obedience is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether God ought to be obeyed in all things?Article. 5 - Whether subjects are bound to obey their superiors in all things?Article. 6 - Whether Christians are bound to obey the secular powers?Article. 1 - Whether disobedience is a mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether disobedience is the most grievous of sins?Question. 106 - OF THANKFULNESS OR GRATITUDE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether thankfulness is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the innocent is more bound to give thanks to God than the penitent?Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to give thanks to every benefactor?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to repay a favor at once?Article. 5 - Whether in giving thanks we should look at the benefactor's disposition or at the deed?Article. 6 - Whether the repayment of gratitude should surpass the favor received?Article. 1 - Whether ingratitude is always a sin?Article. 2 - Whether ingratitude is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether ingratitude is always a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether favors should be withheld from the ungrateful?Article. 1 - Whether vengeance is lawful?Article. 2 - Whether vengeance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether vengeance should be wrought by means of punishments customary among men?Article. 4 - Whether vengeance should be taken on those who have sinned involuntarily?Article. 1 - Whether truth is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether truth is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether truth is a part of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the virtue of truth inclines rather to that which is less?Question. 110 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO TRUTH, AND FIRST OF LYING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether lying is always opposed to truth?Article. 2 - Whether lies are sufficiently divided into officious, jocose, and mischievous lies?Article. 3 - Whether every lie is a sin?Article. 4 - Whether every lie is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether all dissimulation is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether hypocrisy is the same as dissimulation?Article. 3 - Whether hypocrisy is contrary to the virtue of truth?Article. 4 - Whether hypocrisy is always a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether boasting is opposed to the virtue of truth?Article. 2 - Whether boasting is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether irony is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether irony is a less grievous sin than boasting?Article. 1 - Whether friendliness is a special virtue?Article. 2 - Whether this kind of friendship is a part of justice?Article. 1 - Whether flattery is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether flattery is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether quarreling is opposed to the virtue of friendship or affability?Article. 2 - Whether quarreling is a more grievous sin than flattery?Question. 117 - OF LIBERALITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether liberality is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether liberality is about money?Article. 3 - Whether using money is the act of liberality?Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a liberal man chiefly to give?Article. 5 - Whether liberality is a part of justice?Article. 6 - Whether liberality is the greatest of the virtues?Question. 118 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO LIBERALITY, AND IN THE FIRST PLACE, OF COVETOUSNESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether covetousness is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether covetousness is opposed to liberality?Article. 4 - Whether covetousness is always a mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether covetousness is the greatest of sins?Article. 6 - Whether covetousness is a spiritual sin?Article. 7 - Whether covetousness is a capital vice?Article. 8 - Whether treachery, fraud, falsehood, perjury, restlessness, violence, and insensibility to mercy are daughters of covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether prodigality is opposite to covetousness?Article. 2 - Whether prodigality is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether prodigality is a more grievous sin than covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether 'epikeia' [*{epieikeia}] is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether 'epikeia' is a part of justice?Article. 1 - Whether piety is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the second beatitude, 'Blessed are the meek,' corresponds to the gift of piety?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are precepts of justice?Article. 2 - Whether the first precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?Article. 3 - Whether the second precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?Article. 4 - Whether the third precept of the decalogue, concerning the hallowing of the Sabbath, is fittingly expressed?Article. 5 - Whether the fourth precept, about honoring one's parents, is fittingly expressed?Article. 6 - Whether the other six precepts of the decalogue are fittingly expressed?Question. 123 - OF FORTITUDE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fortitude is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether fortitude is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether fortitude is about fear and dying?Article. 4 - Whether fortitude is only about dangers of death?Article. 5 - Whether fortitude is properly about dangers of death in battle?Article. 6 - Whether endurance is the chief act of fortitude?Article. 7 - Whether the brave man acts for the sake of the good of his habit?Article. 8 - Whether the brave man delights in his act?Article. 9 - Whether fortitude deals chiefly with sudden occurrences?Article. 10 - Whether the brave man makes use of anger in his action?Article. 12 - Whether fortitude excels among all other virtues?Article. 1 - Whether martyrdom is an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether martyrdom is an act of fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether martyrdom is an act of the greatest perfection?Article. 4 - Whether death is essential to martyrdom?Article. 5 - Whether faith alone is the cause of martyrdom?Article. 1 - Whether fear is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether the sin of fear is contrary to fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether fear is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether fear excuses from sin?Article. 1 - Whether fearlessness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether fearlessness is opposed to fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether daring is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether daring is opposed to fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether the parts of fortitude are suitably assigned?Question. 129 - OF MAGNANIMITY* (EIGHT ARTICLES) [*Not in the ordinary restricted sense but as explained by the author]Article. 1 - Whether magnanimity is about honors?Article. 2 - Whether magnanimity is essentially about great honors?Article. 3 - Whether magnanimity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether magnanimity is a special virtue?Article. 5 - Whether magnanimity is a part of fortitude?Article. 6 - Whether confidence belongs to magnanimity?Article. 7 - Whether security belongs to magnanimity?Article. 8 - Whether goods of fortune conduce to magnanimity?Question. 130 - OF PRESUMPTION (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether presumption is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether presumption is opposed to magnanimity by excess?Article. 1 - Whether ambition is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether ambition is opposed to magnanimity by excess?Article. 1 - Whether the desire of glory is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether vainglory is opposed to magnanimity?Article. 3 - Whether vainglory is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether vainglory is a capital vice?Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of vainglory are suitably reckoned to be disobedience, boastfulness, hypocrisy, contention, obstinacy, discord, and love of novelties?Article. 1 - Whether pusillanimity is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether pusillanimity is opposed to magnanimity?Article. 1 - Whether magnificence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether magnificence is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the matter of magnificence is great expenditure?Article. 4 - Whether magnificence is a part of fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether meanness is a vice?Article. 2 - Whether there is a vice opposed to meanness?Article. 1 - Whether patience is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether patience is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 3 - Whether it is possible to have patience without grace?Article. 4 - Whether patience is a part of fortitude?Article. 5 - Whether patience is the same as longanimity? [*Longsuffering. It is necessary to preserve the Latin word, on account of the comparison with magnanimity.]Article. 1 - Whether perseverance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether perseverance is a part of fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether constancy pertains to perseverance?Article. 4 - Whether perseverance needs the help of grace? [*Cf. FS, Q[109], A[10]]Article. 1 - Whether effeminacy* is opposed to perseverance? [*Mollities, literally 'softness']Article. 2 - Whether pertinacity is opposed to perseverance?Article. 1 - Whether fortitude is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the fourth beatitude: 'Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice,' corresponds to the gift of fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the parts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?Question. 141 - OF TEMPERANCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether temperance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether temperance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures?Article. 4 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures of touch?Article. 5 - Whether temperance is about the pleasures proper to the taste?Article. 6 - Whether the rule of temperance depends on the need of the present life?Article. 7 - Whether temperance is a cardinal virtue?Article. 8 - Whether temperance is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 1 - Whether insensibility is a vice?Article. 2 - Whether intemperance is a childish sin?Article. 3 - Whether cowardice* is a greater vice than intemperance? [*Cf. Q[125]]Article. 4 - Whether intemperance is the most disgraceful of sins?Article. 1 - Whether the parts of temperance are rightly assigned?Question. 144 - OF SHAMEFACEDNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether shamefacedness is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether shamefacedness is about a disgraceful action?Article. 3 - Whether man is more shamefaced of those who are more closely connected with him?Article. 4 - Whether even virtuous men can be ashamed?Article. 1 - Whether honesty is the same as virtue?Article. 2 - Whether the honest is the same as the beautiful?Article. 3 - Whether the honest differs from the useful and the pleasant?Article. 4 - Whether honesty should be reckoned a part of temperance?Question. 146 - OF ABSTINENCE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether abstinence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether abstinence is a special virtue?Question. 147 - OF FASTING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fasting is an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether fasting is an act of abstinence?Article. 3 - Whether fasting is a matter of precept?Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to keep the fasts of the Church?Article. 5 - Whether the times for the Church fast are fittingly ascribed?Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for fasting that one eat but once?Article. 7 - Whether the ninth hour is suitably fixed for the faster's meal?Article. 8 - Whether it is fitting that those who fast should be bidden to abstain from flesh meat, eggs, and milk foods?Article. 1 - Whether gluttony is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether gluttony is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether gluttony is the greatest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the species of gluttony are fittingly distinguished?Article. 5 - Whether gluttony is a capital vice?Article. 6 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to gluttony?Article. 1 - Whether drink is the matter of sobriety?Article. 2 - Whether sobriety is by itself a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the use of wine is altogether unlawful?Article. 4 - Whether sobriety is more requisite in persons of greater standing?Article. 1 - Whether drunkenness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether drunkenness is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether drunkenness is the gravest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether drunkenness excuses from sin?Question. 151 - OF CHASTITY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether chastity is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether chastity is a general virtue?Article. 3 - Whether chastity is a distinct virtue from abstinence?Article. 4 - Whether purity belongs especially to chastity?Article. 1 - Whether virginity consists in integrity of the flesh?Article. 2 - Whether virginity is unlawful?Article. 3 - Whether virginity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether virginity is more excellent than marriage?Article. 5 - Whether virginity is the greatest of virtues?Question. 153 - OF LUST (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the matter of lust is only venereal desires and pleasures?Article. 2 - Whether no venereal act can be without sin?Article. 3 - Whether the lust that is about venereal acts can be a sin?Article. 4 - Whether lust is a capital vice?Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of lust are fittingly described?Question. 154 - OF THE PARTS OF LUST (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether six species are fittingly assigned to lust?Article. 2 - Whether simple fornication is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether fornication is the most grievous of sins?Article. 4 - Whether there can be mortal sin in touches and kisses?Article. 5 - Whether nocturnal pollution is a mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether seduction should be reckoned a species of lust?Article. 7 - Whether rape is a species of lust, distinct from seduction?Article. 8 - Whether adultery is determinate species of lust, distinct from the other species?Article. 9 - Whether incest is a determinate species of lust?Article. 10 - Whether sacrilege can be a species of lust?Article. 11 - Whether the unnatural vice is a species of lust?Article. 12 - Whether the unnatural vice is the greatest sin among the species of lust?Article. 1 - Whether continence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether desires for pleasures of touch are the matter of continence?Article. 3 - Whether the subject of continence is the concupiscible power?Article. 4 - Whether continence is better than temperance?Article. 1 - Whether incontinence pertains to the soul or to the body?Article. 2 - Whether incontinence is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether the incontinent man sins more gravely than the intemperate?Article. 4 - Whether the incontinent in anger is worse than the incontinent in desire?Article. 1 - Whether clemency and meekness are absolutely the same?Article. 2 - Whether both clemency and meekness are virtues?Article. 3 - Whether the aforesaid virtues are parts of temperance?Article. 4 - Whether clemency and meekness are the greatest virtues?Question. 158 - OF ANGER (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to be angry?Article. 2 - Whether anger is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether all anger is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether anger is the most grievous sin?Article. 5 - Whether the Philosopher suitably assigns the species of anger?Article. 6 - Whether anger should be reckoned among the capital vices?Article. 7 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to anger?Article. 8 - Whether there is a vice opposed to anger resulting from lack of anger?Article. 1 - Whether cruelty is opposed to clemency?Article. 2 - Whether cruelty differs from savagery or brutality?Article. 1 - Whether modesty is a part of temperance?Article. 2 - Whether modesty is only about outward actions?Question. 161 - OF HUMILITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether humility is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether humility has to do with the appetite?Article. 3 - Whether one ought, by humility, to subject oneself to all men?Article. 4 - Whether humility is a part of modesty or temperance?Article. 5 - Whether humility is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 6 - Whether twelve degrees of humility are fittingly distinguished in the Rule of the Blessed Benedict?Question. 162 - OF PRIDE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pride is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether pride is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether the subject of pride is the irascible faculty?Article. 4 - Whether the four species of pride are fittingly assigned by Gregory?Article. 5 - Whether pride is a mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether pride is the most grievous of sins?Article. 7 - Whether pride is the first sin of all?Article. 8 - Whether pride should be reckoned a capital vice?Question. 163 - OF THE FIRST MAN'S SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pride was the first man's first sin?Article. 2 - Whether the first man's pride consisted in his coveting God's likeness?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of our first parents was more grievous than other sins?Article. 4 - Whether Adam's sin was more grievous than Eve's?Article. 1 - Whether death is the punishment of our first parents' sin?Article. 2 - Whether the particular punishments of our first parents are suitably appointed in Scripture?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for man to be tempted by the devil?Article. 2 - Whether the manner and order of the first temptation was fitting?Article. 1 - Whether the proper matter of studiousness is knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether studiousness is a part of temperance?Article. 1 - Whether curiosity can be about intellective knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether the vice of curiosity is about sensitive knowledge?Question. 168 - OF MODESTY AS CONSISTING IN THE OUTWARD MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any virtue regards the outward movements of the body?Article. 2 - Whether there can be a virtue about games?Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the excess of play?Article. 4 - Whether there is a sin in lack of mirth?Article. 1 - Whether there can be virtue and vice in connection with outward apparel?Article. 2 - Whether the adornment of women is devoid of mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the virtues annexed to temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?Question. 171 - OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy pertains to knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether prophecy is a habit?Article. 3 - Whether prophecy is only about future contingencies?Article. 4 - Whether by the Divine revelation a prophet knows all that can be known prophetically?Article. 5 - Whether the prophet always distinguishes what he says by his own spirit from what he says by the prophetic spirit?Article. 6 - Whether things known or declared prophetically can be false?Question. 172 - OF THE CAUSE OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy can be natural?Article. 2 - Whether prophetic revelation comes through the angels?Article. 3 - Whether a natural disposition is requisite for prophecy?Article. 4 - Whether a good life is requisite for prophecy?Article. 5 - Whether any prophecy comes from the demons?Article. 6 - Whether the prophets of the demons ever foretell the truth?Question. 173 - OF THE MANNER IN WHICH PROPHETIC KNOWLEDGE IS CONVEYED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the prophets see the very essence of God?Article. 2 - Whether, in prophetic revelation, new species of things are impressed on the prophet's mind, or merely a new light?Article. 3 - Whether the prophetic vision is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses?Article. 4 - Whether prophets always know the things which they prophesy?Question. 174 - OF THE DIVISION OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy is fittingly divided into the prophecy of divine predestination, of foreknowledge, and of denunciation?Article. 2 - Whether the prophecy which is accompanied by intellective and imaginative vision is more excellent than that which is accompanied by intellective vision alone?Article. 3 - Whether the degrees of prophecy can be distinguished according to the imaginary vision?Article. 4 - Whether Moses was the greatest of the prophets?Article. 5 - Whether there is a degree of prophecy in the blessed?Article. 6 - Whether the degrees of prophecy change as time goes on?Question. 175 - OF RAPTURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul of man is carried away to things divine?Article. 2 - Whether rapture pertains to the cognitive rather than to the appetitive power?Article. 3 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, saw the essence of God?Article. 4 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, was withdrawn from his senses?Article. 5 - Whether, while in this state, Paul's soul was wholly separated from his body?Article. 6 - Did Paul know whether his soul were separated from his body?Question. 176 - OF THE GRACE OF TONGUES (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who received the gift of tongues spoke in every language?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of tongues is more excellent than the grace of prophecy?Question. 177 - OF THE GRATUITOUS GRACE CONSISTING IN WORDS (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any gratuitous grace attaches to words?Article. 2 - Whether the grace of the word of wisdom and knowledge is becoming to women?Article. 1 - Whether there is a gratuitous grace of working miracles?Article. 2 - Whether the wicked can work miracles?Question. 179 - OF THE DIVISION OF LIFE INTO ACTIVE AND CONTEMPLATIVE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether life is fittingly divided into active and contemplative?Article. 2 - Whether life is adequately divided into active and contemplative?Question. 180 - OF THE CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the contemplative life has nothing to do with the affections, and pertains wholly to the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the moral virtues pertain to the contemplative life?Article. 3 - Whether there are various actions pertaining to the contemplative life?Article. 4 - Whether the contemplative life consists in the mere contemplation of God, or also in the consideration of any truth whatever?Article. 5 - Whether in the present state of life the contemplative life can reach to the vision of the Divine essence?Article. 6 - Whether the operation of contemplation is fittingly divided into a threefold movement, circular, straight and oblique?Article. 7 - Whether there is delight in contemplation?Article. 8 - Whether the contemplative life is continuous?Article. 1 - Whether all the actions of the moral virtues pertain to the active life?Article. 2 - Whether prudence pertains to the active life?Article. 3 - Whether teaching is a work of the active or of the contemplative life?Article. 4 - Whether the active life remains after this life?Article. 1 - Whether the active life is more excellent than the contemplative?Article. 2 - Whether the active life is of greater merit than the contemplative?Article. 3 - Whether the contemplative life is hindered by the active life?Article. 4 - Whether the active life precedes the contemplative?Question. 183 - OF MAN'S VARIOUS DUTIES AND STATES IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the notion of a state denotes a condition of freedom or servitude?Article. 2 - Whether there should be different duties or states in the Church?Article. 3 - Whether duties differ according to their actions?Article. 4 - Whether the difference of states applies to those who are beginning, progressing, or perfect?Question. 184 - OF THE STATE OF PERFECTION IN GENERAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the perfection of the Christian life consists chiefly in charity?Article. 2 - Whether any one can be perfect in this life?Article. 3 - Whether, in this life, perfection consists in the observance of the commandments or of the counsels?Article. 4 - Whether whoever is perfect is in the state of perfection?Article. 5 - Whether religious and prelates are in the state of perfection?Article. 6 - Whether all ecclesiastical prelates are in the state of perfection?Article. 7 - Whether the religious state is more perfect than that of prelates?Article. 8 - Whether parish priests and archdeacons are more perfect than religious?Question. 185 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE EPISCOPAL STATE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to desire the office of a bishop?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to refuse absolutely an appointment to the episcopate?Article. 3 - Whether he that is appointed to the episcopate ought to be better than others?Article. 4 - Whether a bishop may lawfully forsake the episcopal cure, in order to enter religion?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop on account of bodily persecution to abandon the flock committed to his care?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop to have property of his own?Article. 7 - Whether bishops sin mortally if they distribute not to the poor the ecclesiastical goods which accrue to them?Article. 8 - Whether religious who are raised to the episcopate are bound to religious observances?Question. 186 - OF THOSE THINGS IN WHICH THE RELIGIOUS STATE PROPERLY CONSISTS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether religion implies a state of perfection?Article. 2 - Whether every religious is bound to keep all the counsels?Article. 3 - Whether poverty is required for religious perfection?Article. 4 - Whether perpetual continence is required for religious perfection?Article. 5 - Whether obedience belongs to religious perfection?Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for religious perfection that poverty, continence, and obedience should come under a vow?Article. 7 - Whether it is right to say that religious perfection consists in these three vows?Article. 8 - Whether the vow of obedience is the chief of the three religious vows?Article. 9 - Whether a religious sins mortally whenever he transgresses the things contained in his rule?Article. 10 - Whether a religious sins more grievously than a secular by the same kind of sin?Question. 187 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE COMPETENT TO RELIGIOUS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for religious to teach, preach, and the like?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for religious to occupy themselves with secular business?Article. 3 - Whether religious are bound to manual labor?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for religious to live on alms?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for religious to beg?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for religious to wear coarser clothes than others?Question. 188 - OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is only one religious order?Article. 2 - Whether a religious order should be established for the works of the active life?Article. 3 - Whether a religious order can be directed to soldiering?Article. 4 - Whether a religious order can be established for preaching or hearing confessions?Article. 5 - Whether a religious order should be established for the purpose of study?Article. 6 - Whether a religious order that is devoted to the contemplative life is more excellent than on that is given to the active life?Article. 7 - Whether religious perfection is diminished by possessing something in common?Article. 8 - Whether the religious life of those who live in community is more perfect than that of those who lead a solitary life?Question. 189 - OF THE ENTRANCE INTO RELIGIOUS LIFE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who are not practiced in keeping the commandments should enter religion?Article. 2 - Whether one ought to be bound by vow to enter religion?Article. 3 - Whether one who is bound by a vow to enter religion is under an obligation of entering religion?Article. 4 - Whether he who has vowed to enter religion is bound to remain in religion in perpetuity?Article. 5 - Whether children should be received in religion?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to be withdrawn from entering religion through deference to one's parents?Article. 7 - Whether parish priests may lawfully enter religion?Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to pass from one religious order to another?Article. 9 - Whether one ought to induce others to enter religion?Article. 10 - Whether it is praiseworthy to enter religion without taking counsel of many, and previously deliberating for a long time?PrologueQuestion. 1 - OF THE FITNESS OF THE INCARNATION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate?Article. 2 - Whether it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the Word of God should become incarnate?Article. 3 - Whether, if man had not sinned, God would have become incarnate?Article. 4 - Whether God became incarnate in order to take away actual sin, rather than to take away original sin?Article. 5 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate in the beginning of the human race?Article. 6 - Whether the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world?Question. 2 - OF THE MODE OF UNION OF THE WORD INCARNATE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Union of the Incarnate Word took place in the nature?Article. 2 - Whether the union of the Incarnate Word took place in the Person?Article. 3 - Whether the union of the Word Incarnate took place in the suppositum or hypostasis?Article. 4 - Whether after the Incarnation the Person or Hypostasis of Christ is composite?Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there is any union of soul and body?Article. 6 - Whether the human nature was united to the Word of God accidentally?Article. 7 - Whether the union of the Divine nature and the human is anything created?Article. 8 - Whether union is the same as assumption?Article. 9 - Whether the union of the two natures in Christ is the greatest of all unions?Article. 10 - Whether the union of the Incarnation took place by grace?Article. 11 - Whether any merits preceded the union of the Incarnation?Article. 12 - Whether the grace of union was natural to the man Christ?Question. 3 - OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE PERSON ASSUMING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting for a Divine Person to assume?Article. 2 - Whether it is befitting to the Divine Nature to assume?Article. 3 - Whether the Nature abstracted from the Personality can assume?Article. 4 - Whether one Person without another can assume a created nature?Article. 5 - Whether each of the Divine Persons could have assumed human nature?Article. 6 - Whether several Divine Persons can assume one and the same individual nature?Article. 7 - Whether one Divine Person can assume two human natures?Article. 8 - Whether it was more fitting that the Person of the Son rather than any other Divine Person should assume human nature?Question. 4 - OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE HUMAN NATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human nature was more assumable by the Son of God than any other nature?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a person?Article. 3 - Whether the Divine Person assumed a man?Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature abstracted from all individuals?Article. 5 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature in all individuals?Article. 6 - Whether it was fitting for the Son of God to assume human nature of the stock of Adam?Question. 5 - OF THE PARTS OF HUMAN NATURE WHICH WERE ASSUMED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a true body?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a carnal or earthly body?Article. 3 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul?Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God assumed a human mind or intellect?Question. 6 - OF THE ORDER OF ASSUMPTION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God assumed flesh through the medium of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul through the medium of the spirit or mind?Article. 3 - Whether the soul was assumed before the flesh by the Son of God?Article. 4 - Whether the flesh of Christ was assumed by the Word before being united to the soul?Article. 5 - Whether the whole human nature was assumed through the medium of the parts?Article. 6 - Whether the human nature was assumed through the medium of grace?Question. 7 - OF THE GRACE OF CHRIST AS AN INDIVIDUAL MAN (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the Soul of Christ there was any habitual grace?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there were virtues?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was faith?Article. 4 - Whether in Christ there was hope?Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there were the gifts?Article. 6 - Whether in Christ there was the gift of fear?Article. 7 - Whether the gratuitous graces were in Christ?Article. 8 - Whether in Christ there was the gift of prophecy?Article. 9 - Whether in Christ there was the fulness of grace?Article. 10 - Whether the fulness of grace is proper to Christ?Article. 11 - Whether the grace of Christ is infinite?Article. 12 - Whether the grace of Christ could increase?Article. 13 - Whether the habitual grace of Christ followed after the union?Question. 8 - OF THE GRACE OF CHRIST, AS HE IS THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is the Head of the Church?Article. 2 - Whether Christ is the Head of men as to their bodies or only as to their souls?Article. 3 - Whether Christ is the Head of all men?Article. 4 - Whether Christ is the Head of the angels?Article. 5 - Whether the grace of Christ, as Head of the Church, is the same as His habitual grace, inasmuch as He is Man?Article. 6 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be Head of the Church?Article. 7 - Whether the devil is the head of all the wicked?Article. 8 - Whether Anti-christ may be called the head of all the wicked?Question. 9 - OF CHRIST'S KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ had any knowledge besides the Divine?Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the knowledge which the blessed or comprehensors have?Article. 3 - Whether Christ had an imprinted or infused knowledge?Article. 4 - Whether Christ had any acquired knowledge?Question. 10 - OF THE BEATIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST'S SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ comprehended the Word or the Divine Essence?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God knew all things in the Word?Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ can know the infinite in the Word?Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ sees the Word or the Divine Essence more clearly than does any other creature?Question. 11 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE IMPRINTED OR INFUSED IN THE SOUL OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether by this imprinted or infused knowledge Christ knew all things?Article. 2 - Whether Christ could use this knowledge by turning to phantasms?Article. 3 - Whether this knowledge is collative?Article. 4 - Whether in Christ this knowledge was greater than the knowledge of the angels?Article. 5 - Whether this knowledge was habitual?Article. 6 - Whether this knowledge was distinguished by divers habits?Article. 1 - Whether Christ knew all things by this acquired or empiric knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether Christ advanced in acquired or empiric knowledge?Article. 3 - Whether Christ learned anything from man?Article. 4 - Whether Christ received knowledge from the angels?Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence?Article. 2 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to the transmutation of creatures?Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to His own body?Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence as regards the execution of His will?Question. 14 - OF THE DEFECTS OF BODY ASSUMED BY THE SON OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God in human nature ought to have assumed defects of body?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was of necessity subject to these defects?Article. 3 - Whether Christ contracted these defects?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have assumed all the bodily defects of men?Question. 15 - OF THE DEFECTS OF SOUL ASSUMED BY CHRIST (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was sin in Christ?Article. 2 - Whether there was the 'fomes' of sin in Christ?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was ignorance?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's soul was passible?Article. 5 - Whether there was sensible pain in Christ?Article. 6 - Whether there was sorrow in Christ?Article. 7 - Whether there was fear in Christ?Article. 8 - Whether there was wonder in Christ?Article. 9 - Whether there was anger in Christ?Article. 10 - Whether Christ was at once a wayfarer and a comprehensor?Question. 16 - OF THOSE THINGS WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO CHRIST IN HIS BEING AND BECOMING (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is true: 'God is man'?Article. 2 - Whether this is true: 'Man is God'?Article. 3 - Whether Christ can be called a lordly man?Article. 4 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of God?Article. 5 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of the Divine Nature?Article. 6 - Whether this is true: 'God was made man'?Article. 7 - Whether this is true: 'Man was made God'?Article. 8 - Whether this is true: 'Christ is a creature'?Article. 9 - Whether this Man, i.e. Christ, began to be?Article. 10 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a creature'?Article. 11 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is God'?Article. 12 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a hypostasis or person'?Question. 17 - OF CHRIST'S UNITY OF BEING (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is one or two?Article. 2 - Whether there is only one being in Christ?Question. 18 - OF CHRIST'S UNITY OF WILL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are two wills in Christ?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there was a will of sensuality besides the will of reason?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there were two wills as regards the reason?Article. 4 - Whether there was free-will in Christ?Article. 5 - Whether the human will of Christ was altogether conformed to the Divine will in the thing willed?Article. 6 - Whether there was contrariety of wills in Christ?Question. 19 - OF THE UNITY OF CHRIST'S OPERATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in Christ there is only one operation of the Godhead and Manhood?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there are several human operations?Article. 3 - Whether the human action of Christ could be meritorious to Him?Article. 4 - Whether Christ could merit for others?Question. 20 - OF CHRIST'S SUBJECTION TO THE FATHER (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we may say that Christ is subject to the Father?Article. 2 - Whether Christ is subject to Himself?Article. 1 - Whether it is becoming of Christ to pray?Article. 2 - Whether it pertains to Christ to pray according to His sensuality?Article. 3 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should pray for Himself?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's prayer was always heard?Question. 22 - OF THE PRIESTHOOD OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should be a priest?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was Himself both priest and victim?Article. 3 - Whether the effect of Christ's priesthood is the expiation of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the effect of the priesthood of Christ pertained not only to others, but also to Himself?Article. 5 - Whether the priesthood of Christ endures for ever?Article. 6 - Whether the priesthood of Christ was according to the order of Melchisedech?Question. 23 - OF ADOPTION AS BEFITTING TO CHRIST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that God should adopt sons?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the whole Trinity should adopt?Article. 3 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to be adopted?Article. 4 - Whether Christ as man is the adopted Son of God?Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting that Christ should be predestinated?Article. 2 - Whether this proposition is false: 'Christ as man was predestinated to be the Son of God'?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's predestination is the exemplar of ours?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's predestination is the cause of ours?Question. 25 - OF THE ADORATION OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's humanity and Godhead are to be adored with the same adoration?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's humanity should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 3 - Whether the image of Christ should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's cross should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 5 - Whether the Mother of God should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 6 - Whether any kind of worship is due to the relics of the saints?Article. 1 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Mediator of God and man?Article. 2 - Whether Christ, is the Mediator of God and men?Question. 27 - OF THE SANCTIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before her birth from the womb?Article. 2 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before animation?Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was cleansed from the infection of the fomes?Article. 4 - Whether by being sanctified in the womb the Blessed Virgin was preserved from all actual sin?Article. 5 - Whether, by her sanctification in the womb, the Blessed Virgin received the fulness of grace?Article. 6 - Whether after Christ, it was proper to the Blessed Virgin to be sanctified in the womb?Article. 1 - Whether the Mother of God was a virgin in conceiving Christ?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Mother was a virgin in His birth?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Mother remained a virgin after His birth?Article. 4 - Whether the Mother of God took a vow of virginity?Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been born of an espoused virgin?Article. 2 - Whether there was a true marriage between Mary and Joseph?Question. 30 - OF THE ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her?Article. 2 - Whether the annunciation should have been made by an angel to the Blessed Virgin?Article. 3 - Whether the angel of annunciation should have appeared to the Virgin in a bodily vision?Article. 4 - Whether the Annunciation took place in becoming order?Question. 31 - OF THE MATTER FROM WHICH THE SAVIOUR'S BODY WAS CONCEIVED (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the flesh of Christ was derived from Adam?Article. 2 - Whether Christ took flesh of the seed of David?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's genealogy is suitably traced by the evangelists?Article. 4 - Whether the matter of Christ's body should have been taken from a woman?Article. 5 - Whether the flesh of Christ was conceived of the Virgin's purest blood?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body was in Adam and the other patriarchs, as to something signate?Article. 7 - Whether Christ's flesh in the patriarchs was infected by sin?Article. 8 - Whether Christ paid tithes in Abraham's loins?Question. 32 - OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE IN CHRIST'S CONCEPTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the accomplishment of Christ's conception should be attributed to the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether it should be said that Christ was conceived of [de] the Holy Ghost?Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost should be called Christ's father in respect of His humanity?Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin cooperated actively in the conception of Christ's body?Question. 33 - OF THE MODE AND ORDER OF CHRIST'S CONCEPTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's body was formed in the first instant of its conception?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body was animated in the first instant of its conception?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's flesh was first of all conceived and afterwards assumed?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's conception was natural?Question. 34 - OF THE PERFECTION OF THE CHILD CONCEIVED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ was sanctified in the first instant of His conception?Article. 2 - Whether Christ as man had the use of free-will in the first instant of His conception?Article. 3 - Whether Christ could merit in the first instant of His conception?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a perfect comprehensor in the first instant of His conception?Question. 35 - OF CHRIST'S NATIVITY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether nativity regards the nature rather than the person?Article. 2 - Whether a temporal nativity should be attributed to Christ?Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin can be called Christ's Mother in respect of His temporal nativity?Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin should be called the Mother of God?Article. 5 - Whether there are two filiations in Christ?Article. 6 - Whether Christ was born without His Mother suffering?Article. 7 - Whether Christ should have been born in Bethlehem?Article. 8 - Whether Christ was born at a fitting time?Question. 36 - OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE NEWLY BORN CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to all?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to some?Article. 3 - Whether those to whom Christ's birth was made known were suitably chosen?Article. 4 - Whether Christ Himself should have made His birth know?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's birth should have been manifested by means of the angels and the star?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's birth was made known in a becoming order?Article. 7 - Whether the star which appeared to the Magi belonged to the heavenly system?Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming that the Magi should come to adore Christ and pay homage to Him?Question. 37 - OF CHRIST'S CIRCUMCISION, AND OF THE OTHER LEGAL OBSERVANCES ACCOMPLISHED IN REGARD TO THE CHILD CHRIST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been circumcised?Article. 2 - Whether His name was suitably given to Christ?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was becomingly presented in the temple?Article. 4 - Whether it was fitting that the Mother of God should go to the temple to be purified?Question. 38 - OF THE BAPTISM OF JOHN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that John should baptize?Article. 2 - Whether the baptism of John was from God?Article. 3 - Whether grace was given in the baptism of John?Article. 4 - Whether Christ alone should have been baptized with the baptism of John?Article. 5 - Whether John's baptism should have ceased after Christ was baptized?Article. 6 - Whether those who had been baptized with John's baptism had to be baptized with the baptism of Christ?Question. 39 - OF THE BAPTIZING OF CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be baptized?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be baptized with John's baptism?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was baptized at a fitting time?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have been baptized in the Jordan?Article. 5 - Whether the heavens should have been opened unto Christ at His baptism?Article. 6 - Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove?Article. 7 - Whether the dove in which the Holy Ghost appeared was real?Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming, when Christ was baptized that the Father's voice should be heard, bearing witness to the Son?Question. 40 - OF CHRIST'S MANNER OF LIFE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have associated with men, or led a solitary life?Article. 2 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should lead an austere life in this world?Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have led a life of poverty in this world?Article. 4 - Whether Christ conformed His conduct to the Law?Article. 1 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should be tempted?Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have been tempted in the desert?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's temptation should have taken place after His fast?Article. 4 - Whether the mode and order of the temptation were becoming?Question. 42 - OF CHRIST'S DOCTRINE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have preached not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles?Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have preached to the Jews without offending them?Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have taught all things openly?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have committed His doctrine to writing?Question. 43 - OF THE MIRACLES WORKED BY CHRIST, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have worked miracles?Article. 2 - Whether Christ worked miracles by Divine power?Article. 3 - Whether Christ began to work miracles when He changed water into wine at the marriage feast?Article. 4 - Whether the miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of His Godhead?Article. 1 - Whether those miracles were fitting which Christ worked in spiritual substances?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should work miracles in the heavenly bodies?Article. 3 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on men?Article. 4 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on irrational creatures?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be transfigured?Article. 2 - Whether this clarity was the clarity of glory?Article. 3 - Whether the witnesses of the transfiguration were fittingly chosen?Article. 4 - Whether the testimony of the Father's voice, saying, 'This is My beloved Son,' was fittingly added?Question. 46 - THE PASSION OF CHRIST (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to suffer for the deliverance of the human race?Article. 2 - Whether there was any other possible way of human deliverance besides the Passion of Christ?Article. 3 - Whether there was any more suitable way of delivering the human race than by Christ's Passion?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have suffered on the cross?Article. 5 - Whether Christ endured all suffering?Article. 6 - Whether the pain of Christ's Passion was greater than all other pains?Article. 7 - Whether Christ suffered in His whole soul?Article. 8 - Whether Christ's entire soul enjoyed blessed fruition during the Passion?Article. 9 - Whether Christ suffered at a suitable time?Article. 10 - Whether Christ suffered in a suitable place?Article. 11 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be crucified with thieves?Article. 12 - Whether Christ's Passion is to be attributed to His Godhead?Question. 47 - OF THE EFFICIENT CAUSE OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ was slain by another or by Himself?Article. 2 - Whether Christ died out of obedience?Article. 3 - Whether God the Father delivered up Christ to the Passion?Article. 4 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to suffer at the hands of the Gentiles?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's persecutors knew who He was?Article. 6 - Whether the sin of those who crucified Christ was most grievous?Question. 48 - OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of merit?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of atonement?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Passion operated by way of sacrifice?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of redemption?Article. 5 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Redeemer?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation efficiently?Question. 49 - OF THE EFFECTS OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we were delivered from sin through Christ's Passion?Article. 2 - Whether we were delivered from the devil's power through Christ's Passion?Article. 3 - Whether men were freed from the punishment of sin through Christ's Passion?Article. 4 - Whether we were reconciled to God through Christ's Passion?Article. 5 - Whether Christ opened the gate of heaven to us by His Passion?Article. 6 - Whether by His Passion Christ merited to be exalted?Question. 50 - OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should die?Article. 2 - Whether the Godhead was separated from the flesh when Christ died?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ's death there was a severance between His Godhead and His soul?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a man during the three days of His death?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's was identically the same body living and dead?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's death conduced in any way to our salvation?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be buried?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was buried in a becoming manner?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body was reduced to dust in the tomb?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was in the tomb only one day and two nights?Question. 52 - OF CHRIST'S DESCENT INTO HELL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to descend into hell?Article. 2 - Whether Christ went down into the hell of the lost?Article. 3 - Whether the whole Christ was in hell?Article. 4 - Whether Christ made any stay in hell?Article. 5 - Whether Christ descending into hell delivered the holy Fathers from thence?Article. 6 - Whether Christ delivered any of the lost from hell?Article. 7 - Whether the children who died in original sin were delivered by Christ?Article. 8 - Whether Christ by His descent into hell delivered souls from purgatory?Question. 53 - OF CHRIST'S RESURRECTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to rise again?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to rise again on the third day?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was the first to rise from the dead?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was the cause of His own Resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether Christ had a true body after His Resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body rose glorified? [*Some editions give this article as the third, following the order of the introduction to the question. But this is evident from the first sentence of the body of A[3] (A[2] in the aforesaid editions), that the order of the Leonine edition is correct.]Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body rose again entire?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's body ought to have risen with its scars?Question. 55 - OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE RESURRECTION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection ought to have been manifested to all?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that the disciples should see Him rise again?Article. 3 - Whether Christ ought to have lived constantly with His disciples after the Resurrection?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have appeared to the disciples 'in another shape'?Article. 5 - Whether Christ should have demonstrated the truth of His Resurrection by proofs?Article. 6 - Whether the proofs which Christ made use of manifested sufficiently the truth of His Resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of our bodies?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of souls?Question. 57 - OF THE ASCENSION OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to ascend into heaven?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Ascension into heaven belonged to Him according to His Divine Nature?Article. 3 - Whether Christ ascended by His own power?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ascended above all the heavens?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body ascended above every spiritual creature?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Ascension is the cause of our salvation?Question. 58 - OF CHRIST'S SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF THE FATHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should sit at the right hand of God the Father?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to Christ as God to sit at the right hand of the Father?Article. 3 - Whether it belongs to Christ as man to sit at the right hand of the Father?Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to Christ to sit at the right hand of the Father?Question. 59 - OF CHRIST'S JUDICIARY POWER (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether judiciary power is to be specially attributed to Christ?Article. 2 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ as man?Article. 3 - Whether Christ acquired His judiciary power by His merits?Article. 4 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ with respect to all human affairs?Article. 5 - Whether after the Judgment that takes place in the present time, there remains yet another General Judgment?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's judiciary power extends to the angels?Question. 60 - WHAT IS A SACRAMENT? (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament is a kind of sign?Article. 2 - Whether every sign of a holy thing is a sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether a sacrament is a sign of one thing only?Article. 4 - Whether a sacrament is always something sensible?Article. 5 - Whether determinate things are required for a sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether words are required for the signification of the sacraments?Article. 7 - Whether determinate words are required in the sacraments?Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to add anything to the words in which the sacramental form consists?Article. 1 - Whether sacraments are necessary for man's salvation?Article. 2 - Whether before sin sacraments were necessary to man?Article. 3 - Whether there should have been sacraments after sin, before Christ?Article. 4 - Whether there was need for any sacraments after Christ came?Question. 62 - OF THE SACRAMENTS' PRINCIPAL EFFECT, WHICH IS GRACE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sacraments are the cause of grace?Article. 2 - Whether sacramental grace confers anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts?Article. 3 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law contain grace?Article. 4 - Whether there be in the sacraments a power of causing grace?Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law derive their power from Christ's Passion?Article. 6 - Whether the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace?Question. 63 - OF THE OTHER EFFECT OF THE SACRAMENTS, WHICH IS A CHARACTER (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament imprints a character on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether a character is a spiritual power?Article. 3 - Whether the sacramental character is the character of Christ?Article. 4 - Whether the character be subjected in the powers of the soul?Article. 5 - Whether a character can be blotted out from the soul?Article. 6 - Whether a character is imprinted by each sacrament of the New Law?Question. 64 - OF THE CAUSES OF THE SACRAMENTS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God alone, or the minister also, works inwardly unto the sacramental effect?Article. 2 - Whether the sacraments are instituted by God alone?Article. 3 - Whether Christ as man had the power of producing the inward sacramental effect?Article. 4 - Whether Christ could communicate to ministers the power which He had in the sacraments?Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments can be conferred by evil ministers?Article. 6 - Whether wicked men sin in administering the sacraments?Article. 7 - Whether angels can administer sacraments?Article. 8 - Whether the minister's intention is required for the validity of a sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether faith is required of necessity in the minister of a sacrament?Article. 10 - Whether the validity of a sacrament requires a good intention in the minister?Article. 1 - Whether there should be seven sacraments?Article. 2 - Whether the order of the sacraments, as given above, is becoming?Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is the greatest of the sacraments?Article. 4 - Whether all the sacraments are necessary for salvation?Question. 66 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Baptism is the mere washing?Article. 2 - Whether Baptism was instituted after Christ's Passion?Article. 3 - Whether water is the proper matter of Baptism?Article. 4 - Whether plain water is necessary for Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether this be a suitable form of Baptism: 'I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost'?Article. 6 - Whether Baptism can be conferred in the name of Christ?Article. 7 - Whether immersion in water is necessary for Baptism?Article. 8 - Whether trine immersion is essential to Baptism?Article. 9 - Whether Baptism may be reiterated?Article. 10 - Whether the Church observes a suitable rite in baptizing?Article. 11 - Whether three kinds of Baptism are fittingly described---viz. Baptism of Water, of Blood, and of the Spirit?Article. 12 - Whether the Baptism of Blood is the most excellent of these?Question. 67 - OF THE MINISTERS BY WHOM THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM IS CONFERRED (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is part of a deacon's duty to baptize?Article. 2 - Whether to baptize is part of the priestly office, or proper to that of bishops?Article. 3 - Whether a layman can baptize?Article. 4 - Whether a woman can baptize?Article. 5 - Whether one that is not baptized can confer the sacrament of Baptism?Article. 6 - Whether several can baptize at the same time?Article. 7 - Whether in Baptism it is necessary for someone to raise the baptized from the sacred font?Article. 8 - Whether he who raises anyone from the sacred font is bound to instruct him?Question. 68 - OF THOSE WHO RECEIVE BAPTISM (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all are bound to receive Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether a man can be saved without Baptism?Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should be deferred?Article. 4 - Whether sinners should be baptized?Article. 5 - Whether works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized?Article. 6 - Whether sinners who are going to be baptized are bound to confess their sins?Article. 7 - Whether the intention of receiving the sacrament of Baptism is required on the part of the one baptized?Article. 8 - Whether faith is required on the part of the one baptized?Article. 9 - Whether children should be baptized?Article. 10 - Whether children of Jews or other unbelievers be baptized against the will of their parents?Article. 11 - Whether a child can be baptized while yet in its mother's womb?Article. 12 - Whether madmen and imbeciles should be baptized?Question. 69 - OF THE EFFECTS OF BAPTISM (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether man is freed by Baptism from all debt of punishment due to sin?Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should take away the penalties of sin that belong to this life?Article. 4 - Whether grace and virtues are bestowed on man by Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether certain acts of the virtues are fittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit---incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness?Article. 6 - Whether children receive grace and virtue in Baptism?Article. 7 - Whether the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom?Article. 8 - Whether Baptism has an equal effect in all?Article. 9 - Whether insincerity hinders the effect of Baptism?Article. 10 - Whether Baptism produces its effect when the insincerity ceases?Article. 1 - Whether circumcision was a preparation for, and a figure of Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether circumcision was instituted in a fitting manner?Article. 3 - Whether the rite of circumcision was fitting?Article. 4 - Whether circumcision bestowed sanctifying grace?Question. 71 - OF THE PREPARATIONS THAT ACCOMPANY BAPTISM (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether catechism should precede Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether exorcism should precede Baptism?Article. 3 - Whether what is done in the exorcism effects anything, or is a mere sign?Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a priest to catechize and exorcize the person to be baptized?Question. 72 - CONFIRMATION (Q[72])Article. 1 - Whether confirmation is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether chrism is a fitting matter for this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether it is essential to this sacrament that the chrism which is its matter be previously consecrated by a bishop?Article. 4 - Whether the proper form of this sacrament is: 'I sign thee with the sign of the cross,' etc.?Article. 5 - Whether the sacrament of Confirmation imprints a character?Article. 6 - Whether the character of Confirmation presupposes of necessity, the baptismal character?Article. 7 - Whether sanctifying grace is bestowed in this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether this sacrament should be given to all?Article. 9 - Whether this sacrament should be given to man on the forehead?Article. 10 - Whether he who is confirmed needs one to stand* for him? [*Literally, 'to hold him']Article. 11 - Whether only a bishop can confer this sacrament?Article. 12 - Whether the rite of this sacrament is appropriate?Question. 73 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF THE EUCHARIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Eucharist is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the Eucharist is one sacrament or several?Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is necessary for salvation?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament is suitably called by various names?Article. 5 - Whether the institution of this sacrament was appropriate?Article. 6 - Whether the Paschal Lamb was the chief figure of this sacrament?Question. 74 - OF THE MATTER OF THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the matter of this sacrament is bread and wine?Article. 2 - Whether a determinate quantity of bread and wine is required for the matter of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether wheaten bread is required for the matter of this sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament ought to be made of unleavened bread?Article. 5 - Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether water should be mixed with the wine?Article. 7 - Whether the mixing with water is essential to this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether water should be added in great quantity?Question. 75 - OF THE CHANGE OF BREAD AND WINE INTO THE BODY AND BLOOD OF CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the body of Christ be in this sacrament in very truth, or merely as in a figure or sign?Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the substance of the bread and wine remains after the consecration?Article. 3 - Whether the substance of the bread or wine is annihilated after the consecration of this sacrament, or dissolved into their original matter?Article. 4 - Whether bread can be converted into the body of Christ?Article. 5 - Whether the accidents of the bread and wine remain in this sacrament after the change?Article. 6 - Whether the substantial form of the bread remains in this sacrament after the consecration?Article. 7 - Whether this change is wrought instantaneously?Article. 8 - Whether this proposition is false: 'The body of Christ is made out of bread'?Question. 76 - OF THE WAY IN WHICH CHRIST IS IN THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine?Article. 4 - Whether the whole dimensive quantity of Christ's body is in this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament as in a place?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament movably?Article. 7 - Whether the body of Christ, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by any eye, at least by a glorified one?Article. 8 - Whether Christ's body is truly there when flesh or a child appears miraculously in this sacrament?Question. 77 - OF THE ACCIDENTS WHICH REMAIN IN THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the accidents remain in this sacrament without a subject?Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the dimensive quantity of the bread or wine is the subject of the other accidents?Article. 3 - Whether the species remaining in this sacrament can change external objects?Article. 4 - Whether the sacramental species can be corrupted?Article. 5 - Whether anything can be generated from the sacramental species?Article. 6 - Whether the sacramental species can nourish?Article. 7 - Whether the sacramental species are broken in this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether any liquid can be mingled with the consecrated wine?Question. 78 - OF THE FORM OF THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is the form of this sacrament: 'This is My body,' and 'This is the chalice of My blood'?Article. 2 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the bread: 'This is My body'?Article. 3 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the wine: 'This is the chalice of My blood,' etc.?Article. 4 - Whether in the aforesaid words of the forms there be any created power which causes the consecration?Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid expressions are true?Article. 6 - Whether the form of the consecration of the bread accomplishes its effect before the form of the consecration of the wine be completed?Question. 79 - OF THE EFFECTS OF THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether grace is bestowed through this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the attaining of glory is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether the forgiveness of mortal sin is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether venial sins are forgiven through this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether the entire punishment due to sin is forgiven through this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether man is preserved by this sacrament from future sins?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament benefit others besides the recipients?Article. 8 - Whether the effect of this sacrament is hindered by venial sin?Question. 80 - OF THE USE OR RECEIVING OF THIS SACRAMENT IN GENERAL (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are two ways to be distinguished of eating Christ's body?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to man alone to eat this sacrament spiritually?Article. 3 - Whether the just man alone may eat Christ sacramentally?Article. 4 - Whether the sinner sins in receiving Christ's body sacramentally?Article. 5 - Whether to approach this sacrament with consciousness of sin is the gravest of all sins?Article. 6 - Whether the priest ought to deny the body of Christ to the sinner seeking it?Article. 7 - Whether the seminal loss that occurs during sleep hinders anyone from receiving this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether food or drink taken beforehand hinders the receiving of this sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether those who have not the use of reason ought to receive this sacrament?Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful to receive this sacrament daily?Article. 11 - Whether it is lawful to abstain altogether from communion?Article. 12 - Whether it is lawful to receive the body of Christ without the blood?Question. 81 - OF THE USE WHICH CHRIST MADE OF THIS SACRAMENT AT ITS INSTITUTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ received His own body and blood?Article. 2 - Whether Christ gave His body to Judas?Article. 3 - Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples His impassible body?Article. 4 - Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ's death by one of the apostles, Christ Himself would have died there?Question. 82 - OF THE MINISTER OF THIS SACRAMENT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the consecration of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?Article. 2 - Whether several priests can consecrate one and the same host?Article. 3 - Whether dispensing of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?Article. 4 - Whether the priest who consecrates is bound to receive this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether a wicked priest can consecrate the Eucharist?Article. 6 - Whether the mass of a sinful priest is of less worth than the mass of a good priest?Article. 7 - Whether heretics, schismatics, and excommunicated persons can consecrate?Article. 8 - Whether a degraded priest can consecrate this sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether it is permissible to receive communion from heretical, excommunicate, or sinful priests, and to hear mass said by them?Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful for a priest to refrain entirely from consecrating the Eucharist?Question. 83 - OF THE RITE OF THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is sacrificed in this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the time for celebrating this mystery has been properly determined?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be celebrated in a house and with sacred vessels?Article. 4 - Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed?Article. 5 - Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming?Article. 6 - Whether the defects occurring during the celebration of this sacrament can be sufficiently met by observing the Church's statutes?Question. 84 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether sins are the proper matter of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether the form of this sacrament is: 'I absolve thee'?Article. 4 - Whether the imposition of the priest's hands is necessary for this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament is necessary for salvation?Article. 6 - Whether Penance is a second plank after shipwreck?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament was suitably instituted in the New Law?Article. 8 - Whether Penance should last till the end of life?Article. 9 - Whether Penance can be continuous?Article. 10 - Whether the sacrament of Penance may be repeated?Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether Penance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the virtue of penance is a species of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the will is properly the subject of penance?Article. 5 - Whether penance originates from fear?Article. 6 - Whether penance is the first of the virtues?Question. 86 - OF THE EFFECT OF PENANCE, AS REGARDS THE PARDON OF MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Penance?Article. 2 - Whether sin can be pardoned without Penance?Article. 3 - Whether by Penance one sin can be pardoned without another?Article. 4 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after the guilt has been forgiven through Penance?Article. 5 - Whether the remnants of sin are removed when a mortal sin is forgiven?Article. 6 - Whether the forgiveness of guilt is an effect of Penance?Question. 87 - OF THE REMISSION OF VENIAL SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin can be forgiven without Penance?Article. 2 - Whether infusion of grace is necessary for the remission of venial sins?Article. 3 - Whether venial sins are removed by the sprinkling of holy water and the like?Article. 4 - Whether venial sin can be taken away without mortal sin?Question. 88 - OF THE RETURN OF SINS WHICH HAVE BEEN TAKEN AWAY BY PENANCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin?Article. 2 - Whether sins that have been forgiven, return through ingratitude which is shown especially in four kinds of sin?Article. 3 - Whether the debt of punishment that arises through ingratitude in respect of a subsequent sin is as great as that of the sins previously pardoned?Article. 4 - Whether the ingratitude whereby a subsequent sin causes the return of previous sins, is a special sin?Question. 89 - OF THE RECOVERY OF VIRTUE BY MEANS OF PENANCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the virtues are restored through Penance?Article. 2 - Whether, after Penance, man rises again to equal virtue?Article. 3 - Whether, by Penance, man is restored to his former dignity?Article. 4 - Whether virtuous deeds done in charity can be deadened?Article. 5 - Whether deeds deadened by sin, are revived by Penance?Article. 6 - Whether the effect of subsequent Penance is to quicken even dead works?Article. 1 - Whether Penance should be assigned any parts?Article. 2 - Whether contrition, confession, and satisfaction are fittingly assigned as parts of Penance?Article. 3 - Whether these three are integral parts of Penance?Article. 4 - Whether Penance is fittingly divided into penance before Baptism, penance for mortal sins, and penance for venial sins?EDITOR'S NOTE:Question. 1 - SUPPLEMENT (XP): TO THE THIRD PART OF THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA OF ST. THOMAS AQUINAS GATHERED FROM HIS COMMENTARY ON BOOK IV OF THE SENTENCES (QQ[1] -99)Article. 1 - Whether contrition is an assumed sorrow for sins, together with the purpose of confessing them and of making satisfaction for them?Article. 2 - Whether contrition is an act of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether attrition can become contrition?Question. 2 - OF THE OBJECT OF CONTRITION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man should be contrite on account of the punishment, and not only on account of his sin?Article. 2 - Whether contrition should be on account of original sin?Article. 3 - Whether we should have contrition for every actual sin?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to have contrition for his future sins?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to have contrition for another's sin?Article. 6 - Whether it is necessary to have contrition for each mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether contrition is the greatest possible sorrow in the world?Article. 2 - Whether the sorrow of contrition can be too great?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow for one sin should be greater than for another?Article. 1 - Whether the whole of this life is the time for contrition?Article. 2 - Whether it is expedient to grieve for sin continually?Article. 3 - Whether our souls are contrite for sins even after this life?Article. 1 - Whether the forgiveness of sin is the effect of contrition?Article. 2 - Whether contrition can take away the debt of punishment entirely?Article. 3 - Whether slight contrition suffices to blot out great sins?Question. 6 - OF CONFESSION, AS REGARDS ITS NECESSITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether confession is necessary for salvation?Article. 2 - Whether confession is according to the natural law?Article. 3 - Whether all are bound to confession?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for a man to confess a sin which he has not committed?Article. 5 - Whether one is bound to confess at once?Article. 6 - Whether one can be dispensed from confession?Article. 1 - Whether Augustine fittingly defines confession?Article. 2 - Whether confession is an act of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether confession is an act of the virtue of penance?Question. 8 - OF THE MINISTER OF CONFESSION (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary to confess to a priest?Article. 2 - Whether it is ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?Article. 3 - Whether, outside a case of necessity, anyone who is not a priest may hear the confession of venial sins?Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary for one to confess to one's own priest?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, in virtue of a privilege or a command given by a superior?Article. 6 - Whether a penitent, at the point of death, can be absolved by any priest?Article. 7 - Whether the temporal punishment is imposed according to the degree of the fault?Article. 1 - Whether confession can be lacking in form?Article. 2 - Whether confession should be entire?Article. 3 - Whether one may confess through another, or by writing?Article. 4 - Whether the sixteen conditions usually assigned are necessary for confession?Question. 10 - OF THE EFFECT OF CONFESSION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether confession delivers one from the death of sin?Article. 2 - Whether confession delivers from punishment in some way?Article. 3 - Whether confession opens paradise?Article. 4 - Whether confession gives hope of salvation?Article. 5 - Whether a general confession suffices to blot out forgotten mortal sins?Question. 11 - OF THE SEAL OF CONFESSION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in every case the priest is bound to hide the sins which he knows under the seal of confession?Article. 2 - Whether the seal of confession extends to other matters than those which have reference to confession?Article. 3 - Whether the priest alone is bound by the seal of confession?Article. 4 - Whether by the penitent's permission, a priest may reveal to another a sin which he knows under the seal of confession?Article. 5 - Whether a man may reveal that which he knows through confession and through some other source besides?Question. 12 - OF SATISFACTION, AS TO ITS NATURE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction is a virtue or an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether satisfaction is an act of justice?Article. 3 - Whether the definition of satisfaction given in the text is suitable?Article. 1 - Whether man can make satisfaction to God?Article. 2 - Whether one man can fulfill satisfactory punishment for another?Question. 14 - OF THE QUALITY OF SATISFACTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man can satisfy for one sin without satisfying for another?Article. 2 - Whether, when deprived of charity, a man can make satisfaction for sins for which he was previously contrite?Article. 3 - Whether previous satisfaction begins to avail after man is restored to charity?Article. 4 - Whether works done without charity merit any, at least temporal, good?Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid works avail for the mitigation of the pains of hell?Question. 15 - OF THE MEANS OF MAKING SATISFACTION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction must be made by means of penal works?Article. 2 - Whether the scourges of the present life are satisfactory?Article. 3 - Whether the works of satisfaction are suitably enumerated?Article. 1 - Whether penance can be in the innocent?Article. 2 - Whether the saints in glory have penance?Article. 3 - Whether an angel can be the subject of penance?Question. 17 - OF THE POWER OF THE KEYS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there should be keys in the Church?Article. 2 - Whether the key is the power of binding and loosing, etc.?Article. 3 - Whether there are two keys or only one?Question. 18 - OF THE EFFECT OF THE KEYS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the power of the keys extends to the remission of guilt? [*St. Thomas here follows the opinion of Peter Lombard, and replies in the negative. Later in life he altered his opinion. Cf. TP, Q[62], A[1]; TP, Q[64], A[1]; TP, Q[86], A[6]]Article. 2 - Whether a priest can remit sin as to the punishment?Article. 3 - Whether the priest can bind through the power of the keys?Article. 4 - Whether the priest can bind and loose according to his own judgment?Question. 19 - OF THE MINISTERS OF THE KEYS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the priest of the Law had the keys?Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the key?Article. 3 - Whether priests alone have the keys?Article. 4 - Whether holy men who are not priests have the keys?Article. 5 - Whether wicked priests have the use of the keys?Article. 6 - Whether those who are schismatics, heretics, excommunicate, suspended or degraded have the use of the keys?Article. 1 - Whether a priest can use the key which he has, on any man?Article. 2 - Whether a priest can always absolve his subject?Article. 3 - Whether a man can use the keys with regard to his superior?Question. 21 - OF THE DEFINITION, CONGRUITY AND CAUSE OF EXCOMMUNICATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether excommunication is suitably defined as separation from the communion of the Church, etc?Article. 2 - Whether the Church should excommunicate anyone?Article. 3 - Whether anyone should be excommunicated for inflicting temporal harm?Article. 4 - Whether an excommunication unjustly pronounced has any effect?Question. 22 - OF THOSE WHO CAN EXCOMMUNICATE OR BE EXCOMMUNICATED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every priest can excommunicate?Article. 2 - Whether those who are not priests can excommunicate?Article. 3 - Whether a man who is excommunicated or suspended can excommunicate another?Article. 4 - Whether a man can excommunicate himself, his equal, or his superior?Article. 5 - Whether a sentence of excommunication can be passed on a body of men?Article. 6 - Whether a man can be excommunicated who is already under sentence of excommunication?Question. 23 - OF COMMUNICATION WITH EXCOMMUNICATED PERSONS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful, in matters purely corporal, to communicate with an excommunicated person?Article. 2 - Whether a person incurs excommunication for communicating with one who is excommunicated?Article. 3 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to communicate with an excommunicated person in other cases than those in which it is allowed?Article. 1 - Whether any priest can absolve his subject from excommunication?Article. 2 - Whether anyone can be absolved against his will?Article. 3 - Whether a man can be absolved from one excommunication without being absolved from all?Question. 25 - OF INDULGENCES (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence can remit any part of the punishment due for the satisfaction of sins?Article. 2 - Whether indulgences are as effective as they claim to be?Article. 3 - Whether an indulgence ought to be granted for temporal help?Question. 26 - OF THOSE WHO CAN GRANT INDULGENCES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every parish priest can grant indulgences?Article. 2 - Whether a deacon or another who is not a priest can grant an indulgence?Article. 3 - Whether a bishop can grant indulgences?Article. 4 - Whether indulgences can be granted by one who is in mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence avails those who are in mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether indulgences avail religious?Article. 3 - Whether an indulgence can ever be granted to one who does not fulfill the conditions required?Article. 4 - Whether an indulgence avails the person who grants it?Article. 1 - Whether a penance should be published or solemnized?Article. 2 - Whether a solemn penance can be repeated?Article. 3 - Whether solemn penance should be imposed on women and clerics, and whether any priest can impose it?Question. 29 - EXTREME UNCTION (QQ[29]-33)Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether Extreme Unction is one sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament was instituted by Christ?Article. 4 - Whether olive oil is a suitable matter for this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether the oil ought to be consecrated?Article. 6 - Whether the matter of this sacrament need be consecrated by a bishop?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament has a form?Article. 8 - Whether the form of this sacrament should be expressed by way of assertion or of petition?Article. 9 - Whether the foregoing prayer is a suitable form for this sacrament?Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction avails for the remission of sins?Article. 2 - Whether bodily health is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament imprints a character?Article. 1 - Whether a layman can confer this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether deacons can confer this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether none but a bishop can confer this sacrament?Question. 32 - ON WHOM SHOULD THIS SACRAMENT BE CONFERRED AND ON WHAT PART OF THE BODY? (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this sacrament ought to be conferred on those who are in good health?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given in any kind of sickness?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given to madmen and imbeciles?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament should be given to children?Article. 5 - Whether the whole body should be anointed in this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether the parts to be anointed are suitably assigned?Article. 7 - Whether those who are deformed in those parts should be anointed?Article. 1 - Whether this sacrament ought to be repeated?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to be repeated during the same sickness?Question. 34 - HOLY ORDERS (QQ[34]-40)Article. 1 - Whether there should be Order in the Church?Article. 2 - Whether Order is properly defined?Article. 3 - Whether Order is a sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether the form of this sacrament is suitably expressed?Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament has any matter?Question. 35 - OF THE EFFECT OF THIS SACRAMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sanctifying grace is conferred in the sacrament of Order?Article. 2 - Whether in the sacrament of Order a character is imprinted in connection with all the Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the character of Order presupposes the baptismal character?Article. 4 - Whether the character of Order necessarily presupposes the character of Confirmation?Article. 5 - Whether the character of one Order necessarily presupposes the character of another Order?Question. 36 - OF THE QUALITIES REQUIRED OF THOSE WHO RECEIVE THIS SACRAMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness of life is required of those who receive Orders?Article. 2 - Whether knowledge of all Holy Writ is required?Article. 3 - Whether a man obtains the degrees of Order by the merit of one's life?Article. 4 - Whether he who raises the unworthy to Orders commits a sin?Article. 5 - Whether a man who is in sin can without sin exercise the Order he has received? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], A[6]]Question. 37 - OF THE DISTINCTION OF ORDERS, OF THEIR ACTS, AND THE IMPRINTING OF THE CHARACTER (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we ought to distinguish several Orders?Article. 2 - Whether there are seven Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the Order should be divided into those that are sacred and those that are not?Article. 4 - Whether the acts of the Orders are rightly assigned in the text?Article. 5 - Whether the character is imprinted on a priest when the chalice is handed to him?Article. 1 - Whether a bishop alone confers the sacrament of Order?Article. 2 - Whether heretics and those who are cut off from the Church can confer Orders? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], AA[5],9]Question. 39 - OF THE IMPEDIMENTS TO THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the female sex is an impediment to receiving Orders?Article. 2 - Whether boys and those who lack the use of reason can receive Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the state of slavery is an impediment to receiving Orders?Article. 4 - Whether a man should be debarred from receiving Orders on account of homicide?Article. 5 - Whether those of illegitimate birth should be debarred from receiving Orders?Article. 6 - Whether lack of members should be an impediment?Question. 40 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO THE SACRAMENT OF ORDER (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who are ordained ought to wear the tonsure?Article. 2 - Whether the tonsure is an Order?Article. 3 - Whether by receiving the tonsure a man renounces temporal goods?Article. 4 - Whether above the priestly Order there ought to be an episcopal power?Article. 5 - Whether the episcopate is an Order?Article. 6 - Whether in the Church there can be anyone above the bishops?Article. 7 - Whether the vestments of the ministers are fittingly instituted in the Church?Question. 41 - MATRIMONY (QQ[41]-67)Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is of natural law?Article. 2 - Whether matrimony still comes under a precept?Article. 3 - Whether the marriage act is always sinful?Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is meritorious?Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to have been instituted before sin was committed?Article. 3 - Whether matrimony confers grace?Article. 4 - Whether carnal intercourse is an integral part of this sacrament?Question. 43 - OF MATRIMONY WITH REGARD TO THE BETROTHAL (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a betrothal is a promise of future marriage?Article. 2 - Whether seven years is fittingly assigned as the age for betrothal?Article. 3 - Whether a betrothal can be dissolved?Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a kind of joining?Article. 2 - Whether matrimony is fittingly named?Article. 3 - Whether matrimony is fittingly defined in the text?Question. 45 - OF THE MARRIAGE CONSENT CONSIDERED IN ITSELF (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consent is the efficient cause of matrimony?Article. 2 - Whether the consent needs to be expressed in words?Article. 3 - Whether consent given in words expressive of the future makes a marriage?Article. 4 - Whether, in the absence of inward consent, a marriage is made by consent given in words of the present?Article. 5 - Whether consent given secretly in words of the present makes a marriage?Article. 1 - Whether an oath added to the consent that is expressed in words of the future tense makes a marriage?Article. 2 - Whether carnal intercourse after consent expressed in words of the future makes a marriage?Question. 47 - OF COMPULSORY AND CONDITIONAL CONSENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a compulsory consent is possible?Article. 2 - Whether a constant man can be compelled by fear?Article. 3 - Whether compulsory consent invalidates a marriage?Article. 4 - Whether compulsory consent makes a marriage as regards the party who uses compulsion?Article. 5 - Whether conditional consent makes a marriage?Article. 6 - Whether one can be compelled by one's father's command to marry?Article. 1 - Whether the consent that makes a marriage is a consent to carnal intercourse?Article. 2 - Whether marriage can result from one person's consent to take another for a base motive?Question. 49 - OF THE MARRIAGE GOODS* (SIX ARTICLES) [*'Bona matrimonii,' variously rendered marriage goods, marriage blessings, and advantages of marriage.]Article. 1 - Whether certain blessings are necessary in order to excuse marriage?Article. 2 - Whether the goods of marriage are sufficiently enumerated?Article. 3 - Whether the sacrament is the chief of the marriage goods?Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is excused by the aforesaid goods?Article. 5 - Whether the marriage act can be excused without the marriage goods?Article. 6 - Whether it is a mortal sin for a man to have knowledge of his wife, with the intention not of a marriage good but merely of pleasure?Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that impediments should be assigned to marriage?Article. 1 - Whether it is right to reckon error as an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether every error is an impediment to matrimony?Question. 52 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF THE CONDITION OF SLAVERY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the condition of slavery is an impediment to matrimony?Article. 2 - Whether a slave can marry without his master's consent?Article. 3 - Whether slavery can supervene to marriage?Article. 4 - Whether children should follow the condition of their father?Article. 1 - Whether marriage already contracted should be annulled by the obligation of a simple vow?Article. 2 - Whether a solemn vow dissolves a marriage already contracted?Article. 3 - Whether order is an impediment to matrimony?Article. 4 - Whether a sacred order cannot supervene to matrimony?Question. 54 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF CONSANGUINITY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consanguinity is rightly defined?Article. 2 - Whether consanguinity is fittingly distinguished by degrees and lines?Article. 3 - Whether consanguinity is an impediment to marriage by virtue of the natural law?Article. 4 - Whether the degrees of consanguinity that are an impediment to marriage could be fixed by the Church?Question. 55 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF AFFINITY (ELEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a person contracts affinity through the marriage of a blood-relation?Article. 2 - Whether affinity remains after the death of husband or wife?Article. 3 - Whether unlawful intercourse causes affinity?Article. 4 - Whether affinity is caused by betrothal?Article. 5 - Whether affinity is a cause of affinity?Article. 6 - Whether affinity is an impediment to marriage?Article. 7 - Whether affinity in itself admits of degrees?Article. 8 - Whether the degrees of affinity extend in the same way as the degrees of consanguinity?Article. 9 - Whether a marriage contracted by persons with the degrees of affinity or consanguinity should always be annulled?Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary to proceed by way of accusation for the annulment of a marriage contracted by persons related to each other by affinity or consanguinity?Article. 11 - Whether in a suit of this kind one should proceed by hearing witnesses in the same way as in other suits?Article. 1 - Whether spiritual relationship is an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted by baptism only?Article. 3 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted between the person baptized and the person who raises him from the sacred font?Article. 4 - Whether spiritual relationship passes from husband to wife?Article. 5 - Whether spiritual relationship passes to the godfather's carnal children?Article. 1 - Whether adoption is rightly defined?Article. 2 - Whether a tie that is an impediment to marriage is contracted through adoption?Article. 3 - Whether legal relationship is contracted only between the adopting father and the adopted child?Article. 1 - Whether impotence is an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether a spell can be an impediment to marriage?Article. 3 - Whether madness is an impediment to marriage?Article. 4 - Whether marriage is annulled by the husband committing incest with his wife's sister?Article. 5 - Whether defective age is an impediment to marriage?Question. 59 - OF DISPARITY OF WORSHIP AS AN IMPEDIMENT TO MARRIAGE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a believer can marry an unbeliever?Article. 2 - Whether there can be marriage between unbelievers?Article. 3 - Whether the husband, being converted to the faith, may remain with his wife is she be unwilling to be converted?Article. 4 - Whether a believer can, after his conversion, put away his unbelieving wife if she be willing to cohabit with him without insult to the Creator?Article. 5 - Whether the believer who leaves his unbelieving wife can take another wife?Article. 6 - Whether other sins dissolve marriage?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a man to kill his wife if she be discovered in the act of adultery?Article. 2 - Whether wife-murder is an impediment to marriage?Question. 61 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT TO MARRIAGE, ARISING FROM A SOLEMN VOW (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one party after the marriage has been consummated can enter religion without the other's consent?Article. 2 - Whether before the marriage has been consummated one consort can enter religion without the other's consent?Article. 3 - Whether the wife may take another husband if her husband has entered religion before the consummation of the marriage?Question. 62 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT THAT SUPERVENES TO MARRIAGE AFTER ITS CONSUMMATION, NAMELY FORNICATION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a husband to put away his wife on account of fornication?Article. 2 - Whether the husband is bound by precept to put away his wife when she is guilty of fornication?Article. 3 - Whether the husband can on his own judgment put away his wife on account of fornication?Article. 4 - Whether in a case of divorce husband and wife should be judged on a par with each other?Article. 5 - Whether a husband can marry again after having a divorce?Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife may be reconciled after being divorced?Article. 1 - Whether a second marriage is lawful?Article. 2 - Whether a second marriage is a sacrament?Question. 64 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO MARRIAGE, AND FIRST OF THE PAYMENT OF THE MARRIAGE DEBT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether husband and wife are mutually bound to the payment of the marriage debt?Article. 2 - Whether a husband is bound to pay the debt if his wife does not ask for it?Article. 3 - Whether it is allowable for a menstruous wife to ask for the marriage debt? [*This and the Fourth Article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]Article. 4 - Whether a menstruous woman should or may lawfully pay the marriage debt to her husband if he ask for it? [*This and the previous article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]Article. 5 - Whether husband and wife are equal in the marriage act?Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife can take a vow contrary to the marriage debt without their mutual consent?Article. 7 - Whether it is forbidden to demand the debt on holy days?Article. 8 - Whether it is a mortal sin to ask for the debt at a holy time?Article. 9 - Whether one spouse is bound to pay the debt to the other at a festal time?Article. 10 - Whether weddings should be forbidden at certain times? [*This article is omitted in the Leonine edition.]Question. 65 - OF PLURALITY OF WIVES (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is against the natural law to have several wives?Article. 2 - Whether it was ever lawful to have several wives?Article. 3 - Whether it is against the natural law to have a concubine?Article. 4 - Whether it is a mortal sin to have intercourse with a concubine?Article. 5 - Whether it was ever lawful to have a concubine?Question. 66 - OF BIGAMY AND OF THE IRREGULARITY CONTRACTED THEREBY (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether irregularity attaches to bigamy?Article. 2 - Whether irregularity results from bigamy, when one husband has two wives, one in law, the other in fact?Article. 3 - Whether irregularity is contracted by marrying one who is not a virgin?Article. 4 - Whether bigamy is removed by Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bigamist to receive a dispensation?Question. 67 - OF THE BILL OF DIVORCE (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether inseparableness of the wife is of natural law?Article. 2 - Whether it may have been lawful by dispensation to put away a wife?Article. 3 - Whether it was lawful to divorce a wife under the Mosaic law?Article. 4 - Whether it was lawful for a divorced wife to have another husband?Article. 5 - Whether a husband could lawfully take back the wife he had divorced?Article. 6 - Whether the reason for divorce was hatred for the wife?Article. 7 - Whether the causes of divorce had to be written in the bill?Article. 1 - Whether children born out of true marriage are illegitimate?Article. 2 - Whether children should suffer any loss through being illegitimate?Article. 3 - Whether an illegitimate son can be legitimized?Question. 69 - OF MATTERS CONCERNING THE RESURRECTION, AND FIRST OF THE PLACE WHERE SOULS ARE AFTER DEATH (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether places are appointed to receive souls after death?Article. 2 - Whether souls are conveyed to heaven or hell immediately after death?Article. 3 - Whether the souls who are in heaven or hell are able to go from thence?Article. 4 - Whether the limbo of hell is the same as Abraham's bosom?Article. 5 - Whether limbo is the same as the hell of the damned?Article. 6 - Whether the limbo of children is the same as the limbo of the Fathers?Article. 7 - Whether so many abodes should be distinguished?Question. 70 - OF THE QUALITY OF THE SOUL AFTER LEAVING THE BODY, AND OF THE PUNISHMENT INFLICTED ON IT BY MATERIAL FIRE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul? [*Cf. FP, Q[77], A[8]]Article. 2 - Whether the acts of the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul?Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul can suffer from a bodily fire?Question. 71 - OF THE SUFFRAGES FOR THE DEAD (FOURTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the suffrages of one person can profit others?Article. 2 - Whether the dead can be assisted by the works of the living?Article. 3 - Whether suffrages performed by sinners profit the dead?Article. 4 - Whether suffrages offered by the living for the dead profit those who offer them?Article. 5 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in hell?Article. 6 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in purgatory?Article. 7 - Whether suffrages avail the children who are in limbo?Article. 8 - Whether suffrages profit the saints in heaven?Article. 9 - Whether the prayers of the Church, the sacrifice of the altar and alms profit the departed?Article. 10 - Whether the indulgences of the Church profit the dead?Article. 11 - Whether the burial service profits the dead?Article. 12 - Whether suffrages offered for one deceased person profit the person for whom they are offered more than others?Article. 13 - Whether suffrages offered for several are of as much value to each one as if they had been offered for each in particular?Article. 14 - Whether general suffrages avail those for whom special suffrages are not offered, as much as special suffrages avail those for whom they are offered in addition to general suffrages?Article. 1 - Whether the saints have knowledge of our prayers?Article. 2 - Whether we ought to call upon the saints to pray for us?Article. 3 - Whether the prayers which the saints pour forth to God for us are always granted?Article. 1 - Whether any signs will precede the Lord's coming to judgment?Article. 2 - Whether towards the time of the judgment the sun and moon will be darkened in very truth?Article. 3 - Whether the virtues of heaven will be moved when our Lord shall come?Question. 74 - OF THE FIRE OF THE FINAL CONFLAGRATION (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the world is to be cleansed?Article. 2 - Whether the cleansing of the world will be effected by fire?Article. 3 - Whether the fire whereby the world will be cleansed will be of the same species with elemental fire?Article. 4 - Whether that fire will cleanse also the higher heavens?Article. 5 - Whether that fire will consume the other elements?Article. 6 - Whether all the elements will be cleansed by that fire?Article. 7 - Whether the fire of the final conflagration is to follow the judgment?Article. 8 - Whether that fire will have such an effect on men as is described?Article. 9 - Whether that fire will engulf the wicked?Question. 75 - OF THE RESURRECTION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is to be a resurrection of the body?Article. 2 - Whether the resurrection will be for all without exception?Article. 3 - Whether the resurrection is natural?Article. 1 - Whether the resurrection of Christ is the cause of our resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether the sound of the trumpet will be the cause of our resurrection?Article. 3 - Whether the angels will do anything towards the resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether the time of our resurrection should be delayed till the end of the world?Article. 2 - Whether the time of our resurrection is hidden?Article. 3 - Whether the resurrection will take place at night-time?Article. 4 - Whether the resurrection will happen suddenly or by degrees?Article. 1 - Whether death will be the term 'wherefrom' of the resurrection in all cases?Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again from ashes?Article. 3 - Whether the ashes from which the human body will be restored have any natural inclination towards the soul which will be united to them?Question. 79 - OF THE CONDITIONS OF THOSE WHO RISE AGAIN, AND FIRST OF THEIR IDENTITY (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the resurrection the soul will be reunited to the same identical body?Article. 2 - Whether it will be identically the same man that shall rise again?Article. 3 - Whether the ashes of the human body must needs, by the resurrection, return to the same parts of the body that were dissolved into them?Question. 80 - OF THE INTEGRITY OF THE BODIES IN THE RESURRECTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the members of the human body will rise again?Article. 2 - Whether the hair and nails will rise again in the human body?Article. 3 - Whether the humors will rise again in the body?Article. 4 - Whether whatever in the body belonged to the truth of human nature will rise again in it?Article. 5 - Whether whatever was materially in a man's members will all rise again?Article. 1 - Whether all will rise again of the same age?Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again of the same stature?Article. 3 - Whether all will rise again of the male sex?Article. 4 - Whether all will rise again to animal life so as to exercise the functions of nutrition and generation?Question. 82 - OF THE IMPASSIBILITY OF THE BODIES OF THE BLESSED AFTER THEIR RESURRECTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the saints will be impassible after the resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether all will be equally impassible?Article. 3 - Whether impassibility excludes actual sensation from glorified bodies?Article. 4 - Whether in the blessed, after the resurrection, all the senses will be in act?Question. 83 - OF THE SUBTLETY OF THE BODIES OF THE BLESSED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether subtlety is a property of the glorified body?Article. 2 - Whether by reason of this subtlety a glorified body is able to be in the same place with another body not glorified?Article. 3 - Whether it is possible, by a miracle, for two bodies to be in the same place?Article. 4 - Whether one glorified body can be in the same place together with another glorified body?Article. 5 - Whether by virtue of its subtlety a glorified body will no longer need to be in an equal place?Article. 6 - Whether the glorified body, by reason of its subtlety, will be impalpable?Article. 1 - Whether the glorified bodies will be agile?Article. 2 - Whether the saints will never use their agility for the purpose of movement?Article. 3 - Whether the movement of the saints will be instantaneous?Article. 1 - Whether clarity is becoming to the glorified body?Article. 2 - Whether the clarity of the glorified body is visible to the non-glorified eye?Article. 3 - Whether a glorified body will be necessarily seen by a non-glorified body?Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the damned will rise again with their deformities?Article. 2 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be incorruptible?Article. 3 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be impassible?Question. 87 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE WHICH, AFTER RISING AGAIN, MEN WILL HAVE AT THE JUDGMENT CONCERNING MERITS AND DEMERITS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether after the resurrection every one will know what sins he has committed?Article. 2 - Whether every one will be able to read all that is in another's conscience?Article. 3 - Whether all merits and demerits, one's own as well as those of others, will be seen by anyone at a single glance?Question. 88 - OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT, AS TO THE TIME AND PLACE AT WHICH IT WILL BE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there will be a general judgment?Article. 2 - Whether the judgment will take place by word of mouth?Article. 3 - Whether the time of the future judgment is unknown?Article. 4 - Whether the judgment will take place in the valley of Josaphat?Question. 89 - OF THOSE WHO WILL JUDGE AND OF THOSE WHO WILL BE JUDGED AT THE GENERAL JUDGMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any men will judge together with Christ?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial power corresponds to voluntary poverty?Article. 3 - Whether the angels will judge?Article. 4 - Whether the demons will carry out the sentence of the Judge on the damned?Article. 5 - Whether all men will be present at the judgment?Article. 6 - Whether the good will be judged at the judgment?Article. 7 - Whether the wicked will be judged?Article. 8 - Whether at the coming judgment the angels will be judged?Article. 1 - Whether Christ will judge under the form of His humanity?Article. 2 - Whether at the judgment Christ will appear in His glorified humanity?Article. 3 - Whether the Godhead can be seen by the wicked without joy?Question. 91 - OF THE QUALITY OF THE WORLD AFTER THE JUDGMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the world will be renewed?Article. 2 - Whether the movement of the heavenly bodies will cease?Article. 3 - Whether the brightness of the heavenly bodies will be increased at this renewal?Article. 4 - Whether the elements will be renewed by an addition of brightness?Article. 5 - Whether the plants and animals will remain in this renewal?Question. 92 - OF THE VISION OF THE DIVINE ESSENCE IN REFERENCE TO THE BLESSED* (THREE ARTICLES) [*Cf. FP, Q[12]]Article. 1 - Whether the human intellect can attain to the vision of God in His essence?Article. 2 - Whether after the resurrection the saints will see God with the eyes of the body? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[3]]Article. 3 - Whether the saints, seeing God, see all that God sees? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], AA[7],8]Article. 1 - Whether the happiness of the saints will be greater after the judgment than before?Article. 2 - Whether the degrees of beatitude should be called mansions?Article. 3 - Whether the various mansions are distinguished according to the various degrees of charity?Article. 1 - Whether the blessed in heaven will see the sufferings of the damned?Article. 2 - Whether the blessed pity the unhappiness of the damned?Article. 3 - Whether the blessed rejoice in the punishment of the wicked?Question. 95 - OF THE GIFTS* OF THE BLESSED (FIVE ARTICLES) [*The Latin 'dos' signifies a dowry.]Article. 1 - Whether any gifts should be assigned as dowry to the blessed?Article. 2 - Whether the dowry is the same as beatitude*? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[7], ad 1; FS, Q[4], A[3]]Article. 3 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should receive a dowry?Article. 4 - Whether the angels receive the dowries?Article. 5 - Whether three dowries of the soul are suitably assigned?Question. 96 - OF THE AUREOLES (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the aureole is the same as the essential reward which is called the aurea?Article. 2 - Whether the aureole differs from the fruit?Article. 3 - Whether a fruit is due to the virtue of continence alone?Article. 4 - Whether three fruits are fittingly assigned to the three parts of continence?Article. 5 - Whether an aureole is due on account of virginity?Article. 6 - Whether an aureole is due to martyrs?Article. 7 - Whether an aureole is due to doctors?Article. 8 - Whether an aureole is due to Christ?Article. 9 - Whether an aureole is due to the angels?Article. 10 - Whether an aureole is also due to the body?Article. 11 - Whether three aureoles are fittingly assigned, those of virgins, of martyrs, and of doctors?Article. 12 - Whether the virgin's aureole is the greatest of all?Article. 13 - Whether one person has an aureole more excellently than another person?Question. 97 - OF THE PUNISHMENT OF THE DAMNED (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in hell the damned are tormented by the sole punishment of fire?Article. 2 - Whether the worm of the damned is corporeal?Article. 3 - Whether the weeping of the damned will be corporeal?Article. 4 - Whether the damned are in material darkness?Article. 5 - Whether the fire of hell will be corporeal?Article. 6 - Whether the fire of hell is of the same species as ours?Article. 7 - Whether the fire of hell is beneath the earth?Question. 98 - OF THE WILL AND INTELLECT OF THE DAMNED (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every act of will in the damned is evil?Article. 2 - Whether the damned repent of the evil they have done?Article. 3 - Whether the damned by right and deliberate reason would wish not to be?Article. 4 - Whether in hell the damned would wish others were damned who are not damned?Article. 5 - Whether the damned hate God?Article. 6 - Whether the damned demerit?Article. 7 - Whether the damned can make use of the knowledge they had in this world? [*Cf. FP, Q[89]]Article. 8 - Whether the damned will ever think of God?Article. 9 - Whether the damned see the glory of the blessed?Question. 99 - OF GOD'S MERCY AND JUSTICE TOWARDS THE DAMNED (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether by Divine justice an eternal punishment is inflicted on sinners? [*Cf. FS, Q[87], AA[3],4]Article. 2 - Whether by God's mercy all punishment of the damned, both men and demons, comes to an end?Article. 3 - Whether God's mercy suffers at least men to be punished eternally?Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of Christians is brought to an end by the mercy of God?Article. 5 - Whether all those who perform works of mercy will be punished eternally?Question. 1 - OF THE QUALITY OF THOSE SOULS WHO DEPART THIS LIFE WITH ORIGINAL SIN ONLY (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those souls which depart with original sin alone, suffer from a bodily fire, and are punished by fire?Article. 2 - Whether these same souls suffer spiritual affliction on account of the state in which they are?Question. 2 - OF THE QUALITY OF SOULS WHO EXPIATE ACTUAL SIN OR ITS PUNISHMENT IN PURGATORY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the pains of Purgatory surpass all the temporal pains of this life?Article. 2 - Whether this punishment is voluntary?Article. 3 - Whether the soul in Purgatory are punished by the demons?Article. 4 - Whether venial sin is expiated by the pains of Purgatory as regards the guilt?Article. 5 - Whether the fire of Purgatory delivers from the debt of punishment?Article. 6 - Whether one person is delivered from this punishment sooner than another?Article. 1 - Whether there is a Purgatory after this life?Article. 2 - Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the damned punished?

Thomas Aquinas · 1328 of 3516

Article. 3 - Whether grace is the same as virtue?

Objection 1: It would seem that is the same as virtue. For Augustine says (De Spir. et Lit. xiv) that "operating is faith that worketh by ." But faith that worketh by is a virtue. Therefore is a virtue.

Objection 2: Further, what fits the definition, fits the defined. But the definitions of virtue given by and philosophers fit , since "it makes its subject good, and his work good," and "it is a good quality of the mind, whereby we live righteously," etc. Therefore is virtue.

Objection 3: Further, is a quality. Now it is clearly not in the "fourth" species of quality; viz. "form" which is the " figure of things," since it does not belong to bodies. Nor is it in the "third," since it is not a "passion nor a passion-like quality," which is in the sensitive part of the soul, as is proved in Physic. viii; and is principally in the mind. Nor is it in the "second" species, which is "natural power" or "impotence"; since is above nature and does not regard good and evil, as does natural power. Therefore it must be in the "first" species which is "habit" or "disposition." Now habits of the mind are virtues; since even knowledge itself is a virtue after a manner, as stated above (Q[57], AA[1],2). Therefore is the same as virtue.

On the contrary, If is a virtue, it would seem before all to be one of the three theological virtues. But is neither faith nor hope, for these can be without . Nor is it , since " foreruns ," as Augustine says in his book on the of the (De Dono Persev. xvi). Therefore is not virtue.

I answer that, Some held that and virtue were identical in essence, and differed only logically---in the sense that we speak of inasmuch as it makes man pleasing to God, or is given gratuitously---and of virtue inasmuch as it empowers us to act rightly. And the Master seems to have thought this (Sent. ii, D 27).

But if anyone rightly considers the nature of virtue, this cannot hold, since, as the Philosopher says (Physic. vii, text. 17), "virtue is disposition of what is perfect---and I call perfect what is disposed according to its nature." Now from this it is clear that the virtue of a thing has reference to some pre-existing nature, from the fact that everything is disposed with reference to what befits its nature. But it is manifest that the virtues acquired by human acts of which we spoke above (Q[55], seqq.) are dispositions, whereby a man is fittingly disposed with reference to the nature whereby he is a man; whereas infused virtues dispose man in a higher manner and towards a higher end, and consequently in relation to some higher nature, i.e. in relation to a participation of the Divine Nature, according to 2 Pet. 1:4: "He hath given us most great and most precious promises; that by these you may be made partakers of the Divine Nature." And it is in respect of receiving this nature that we are said to be born again sons of God.

And thus, even as the natural light of reason is something besides the acquired virtues, which are ordained to this natural light, so also the light of which is a participation of the Divine Nature is something besides the infused virtues which are derived from and are ordained to this light, hence the Apostle says (Eph. 5:8): "For you were heretofore darkness, but now light in the Lord. Walk then as children of the light." For as the acquired virtues enable a man to walk, in accordance with the natural light of reason, so do the infused virtues enable a man to walk as befits the light of .

Reply to Objection 1: Augustine calls "faith that worketh by " , since the act of faith of him that worketh by is the first act by which is manifested.

Reply to Objection 2: Good is placed in the definition of virtue with reference to its fitness with some pre-existing nature essential or participated. Now good is not attributed to in this manner, but as to the root of goodness in man, as stated above.

Reply to Objection 3: is reduced to the first species of quality; and yet it is not the same as virtue, but is a certain disposition which is presupposed to the infused virtues, as their principle and root.